Cov Nruab Nrab: Cov tshuaj zas xim (xim) yog ib ceg tseem ceeb heev ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj zoo. Kev txhim kho ntawm cov tshuaj txhawb nqa. Tuam Tshoj txoj kev tsim cov tshuaj nruab nrab rau kev zas xim thiab xim tau tsim kho ntau heev txij li xyoo 1950. Nyob rau ob peb xyoos dhau los, kev tsim cov tshuaj nruab nrab ntawm cov xim zas thiab xim tau dhau los ua ntau dua thiab ntau dua, thiab muaj kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev siv tshuab tsim khoom. Peb tau ua tiav ntau yam hauv ntau qhov chaw, xws li kev tshawb fawb, kev siv tshiab rau cov hom qub thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, thiab tau txais yuav cov txheej txheem huv si rau kev tsim cov tshuaj zas xim thiab xim nruab nrab. .

1
Kev txhim kho ntawm kev siv cov khoom nruab nrab

Qhov tseeb, kev siv cov tshuaj intermediates yog kev txhim kho ntau yam, ib hom tshuaj intermediates siv rau hauv cov xim hu ua cov xim intermediates, thiab siv rau hauv cov tshuaj tua kab, tshuaj, thiab lwm yam. Kuj hu ua tshuaj tua kab, tshuaj intermediates. Yuav tsum raug suav hais tias yog ib ceg ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg zoo tag nrho, yuav tsum tsis txhob muab faib ua cov tshuaj intermediates, tshuaj tua kab intermediates, tshuaj tua kab intermediates, tshuaj tua kab intermediates, tshuaj tua kab intermediates, tshuaj tua kab intermediates, tshuaj tua kab intermediates, tshuaj tua kab intermediates, tshuaj tua kab intermediates, uas yuav txo qhov ntau ntawm kev siv ntawm qee cov tshuaj intermediates thiab cuam tshuam rau lawv txoj kev loj hlob.

Kev tshawb fawb txog cov tshuaj intermediates zoo yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ntau yam, tsuas yog ob peb hom ntawm qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm yog qhov loj heev, feem ntau ntawm cov tonnage tsis loj heev, tab sis cov txheej txheem npaj feem ntau nyuaj dua, cuam tshuam nrog ntau yam kev sib xyaw thiab kev sib cais, thiab kev tsim cov khoom ntau ntawm "peb qhov pov tseg" yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav tsum koom nrog kev tshawb fawb txog cov txheej txheem khoom lag luam, ib lub koom haum tsim nyog ntawm cov intermediates kom tau txais kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm.

Los ntawm qhov xwm txheej txawv teb chaws, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom nruab nrab feem ntau yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo kom ua tiav kev tsim khoom ntau zaus. ob peb mus rau kaum ob hom khoom nruab nrab, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim khoom zoo li no yooj yim dua los ntawm kev txhim kho tag nrho thiab kev siv cov thev naus laus zis tshiab. Peb yuav tau txais ob npaug ntawm qhov tshwm sim nrog ib nrab ntawm kev siv zog. Peb tuaj yeem xa mus rau qhov xwm txheej hauv Nyiv Pooj, qhov twg kev tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom nruab nrab tau siv los ua kev tswj hwm heev, pib txij li xyoo 1960. Nws tau raug kho thiab ua kom muaj xya zaug.

Los ntawm kev hloov pauv thiab kev txhim kho, Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam xim thiab xim nruab nrab tau mus txog qib siab dua ntawm qhov ntau lawm, thev naus laus zis thiab qib khoom siv, uas tsis tsuas yog ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev txhim kho kev lag luam xim thiab xim hauv tsev xwb, tab sis kuj muab cov khoom lag luam zoo dua rau cov teb chaws txawv teb chaws.

Cov khoom siv raw uas xav tau rau kev tsim cov tshuaj intermediates feem ntau yog los ntawm cov khoom lag luam roj av thiab coking chemical industry, feem ntau yog benzene, naphthalene, naphthalene, thiab naphthalene. Nyob rau xyoo tas los no, cov organic pigments uas tau npaj los ntawm heterocyclic intermediates tau nce siab. Tsis tas li ntawd, phenanthrene, pyridine, oxygen fluorene, quinoline, indole, carbazole, biphenyl series compounds, cov khoom siv raw no siv rau kev tsim cov xim pleev xim. Kev siv cov khoom siv raw hluavtaws yuav dav dua thiab ntau dua.

2
Cov tshuaj lom neeg feem ntau siv rau cov intermediates

Cov tshuaj lom neeg feem ntau siv los ua cov khoom siv raw rau hauv cov khoom siv nruab nrab rau kev lag luam dyeing (pigment) yog raws li hauv qab no.

(1) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sulfonation
(2) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nitrification
(3) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Halogenation
(4) Kev txo qis rau kev npaj cov amino
(5) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Diazotization (feem ntau nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib txuas)
(6) Kev hloov cov pawg sulfonic acid rau hauv cov pawg hydroxyl los ntawm cov tshuaj alkali-melting
(7) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv acetylation
(8) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation
(9) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv condensation thiab carbonation
(10) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv aromatization (feem ntau yog amino)
(11) Kev sib pauv hloov pauv ntawm cov hydroxyl thiab cov amino pawg
(12) Hydroxylation ntawm hydroxyl lossis amino pawg

Raws li cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj intermediates zoo, lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua aliphatic, benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic thiab ntom. Ring system. Peb lub teb chaws tuaj yeem tsim ntau dua 400 hom benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic thiab lwm yam intermediates ntawm dyeing thiab pigment, uas tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm Dyeing thiab pigment kev lag luam kev xav tau.

3
Cov hom loj ntawm benzene system

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-amino Anisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N-ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, o-, p-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, benzidine, anisylamine, p-amine Benzenesulfonic acid, o-anisole, p-aminoanisole, DSD acid, p-aminophenetole, CTL acid, o-cyano-p-nitroaniline, acetoacetylacetamide o-Methoxyaniline, hydroquinone, resorcinol, N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine Toluidine, N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-toluidine Methyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl-m-toluidine, p-, ethoxyaniline, 2 4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline inter, para ester, thiab lwm yam.

4
Cov hom tseem ceeb ntawm naphthalene intermediates

2-naphthol, H-acid, K-acid, 2,3-acid, 2,6-acid, thujaplic acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4 acid oxygens. J-acid, peri-acid, gamma-acid, G-ntsev, R-ntsev, amino K-acid, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthol -5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid thiab lwm yam. Cov tshuaj Anthraquinone intermediates suav nrog: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl-bromophosphate, 1,5-dimethyl-anthraquinone, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid, thiab lwm yam. Anthraquinone, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-Amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy Anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, thiab lwm yam.

5
Cov hom heterocyclic thiab dense-cyclic loj

Cyanuric chloride, barbituric acid, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole Aminothiazole, dehydrothiobenzidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone Formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalene anhydride, naphthalene tetracarboxylic anhydride, ! tetracarboxylic anhydride, thiab lwm yam.