Cov xwm txheej tam sim no: kev lag luam kws tshuaj feem ntau tsom rau cov tshuaj synthesis tshuaj, tshuaj lom neeg thiab tshuaj suav tshuaj suav tshuaj, thiab kev tsim khoom muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm ntau yam khoom, cov txheej txheem nyuaj thiab cov nplai ntau lawm.
Cov dej khib nyiab tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov pa phem ntau, cov khoom siv tsis zoo, tsis zoo biodegradability thiab siab lom lom lom.
Cov tshuaj synthesis thiab fermentation kws tshuaj ntau lawm cov dej khib nyiab yog qhov nyuaj thiab qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam tshuaj tswj kev ua qias tuaj.
Chemical synthesis wastewater yog cov pa phem loj tawm thaum lub sijhawm ua tshuaj [2].
Pharmaceutical wastewater tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub pawg [3], piv txwv li cov kua khib nyiab thiab niam cov kua hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom;
Residual kua nyob rau hauv rov qab muaj xws li hnyav, prerequisite kua, by-product, thiab lwm yam.
Cov txheej txheem kev tso dej xws li dej txias, thiab lwm yam.
Cov khoom siv thiab hauv av tshem tawm cov dej khib nyiab;
Cov dej phwj hauv tsev.
Technology rau kev kho cov tshuaj nruab nrab cov dej khib nyiab
Raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj nruab nrab cov dej khib nyiab xws li siab COD, siab nitrogen, siab phosphorus, siab ntsev cov ntsiab lus, sib sib zog nqus chroma, complex muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab tsis zoo biodegradability, feem ntau siv txoj kev kho mob muaj xws li physicochemical kev kho mob thiab biochemical kev kho mob txheej txheem [6].
Raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm cov dej khib nyiab zoo, ntau txoj hauv kev xws li kev sib xyaw ntawm cov txheej txheem physicochemical thiab cov txheej txheem lom neeg kuj yuav raug siv [7].
Daim duab
1. Kev kho lub cev thiab tshuaj siv tshuab
Tam sim no, cov txheej txheem kev kho lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov dej khib nyiab muaj xws li: cov txheej txheem roj flotation, coagulation sedimentation method, adsorption method, thim rov qab osmosis method, incineration method thiab advanced oxidation txheej txheem [8].
Tsis tas li ntawd, electrolysis thiab chemical los nag txoj kev, xws li FE-C micro-electrolysis thiab MAP nag lossis daus txoj kev rau nitrogen thiab phosphorus tshem tawm, kuj yog siv nyob rau hauv kev kho mob ntawm cov tshuaj intermediate wastewater.
1.1 Coagulation thiab sedimentation method
Cov txheej txheem coagulation yog txheej txheem uas cov khoom raug tshem tawm thiab cov khoom colloidal hauv dej tau hloov mus rau hauv lub xeev tsis ruaj khov los ntawm kev ntxiv cov tshuaj chemical thiab tom qab ntawd sib sau ua ke rau hauv flocs lossis flocs uas yooj yim cais.
Tam sim no, cov thev naus laus zis no feem ntau yog siv hauv pretreatment, kev kho nruab nrab thiab kev kho siab heev ntawm cov dej khib nyiab [10].
Lub tshuab coagulation thiab sedimentation muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej paub tab, cov cuab yeej siv yooj yim, kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov thiab kev saib xyuas yooj yim.
Txawm li cas los xij, yuav muaj ntau cov tshuaj sludge tsim nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv cov cuab yeej no, uas yuav ua rau cov pH tsawg ntawm cov dej xau thiab cov ntsev ntsev ntawm cov dej khib nyiab.
Tsis tas li ntawd, coagulation thiab sedimentation thev naus laus zis tuaj yeem tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab, thiab tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm tag nrho cov tshuaj lom thiab teeb meem kab mob hauv cov dej khib nyiab.
1.2 Tshuaj los nag txoj kev
Kev siv tshuaj los nag yog ib txoj hauv kev los tshem tawm cov pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov tshuaj soluble chemical thiab cov pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab los tsim cov ntsev insoluble, hydroxides lossis complex compounds.
Pharmaceutical intermediate wastewater feem ntau muaj cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm ammonia nitrogen, phosphate thiab sulfate ions, thiab lwm yam. Rau cov dej khib nyiab zoo li no, cov txheej txheem nag lossis daus feem ntau yog siv rau lub cev thiab tshuaj pretreatment los xyuas kom meej cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem biochemical tom ntej.
Raws li ib txwm siv thev naus laus zis kho dej, dej nag feem ntau siv los ua kom cov dej khib nyiab.
Vim yog siv cov khoom siv purity purity chemical raw khoom nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim tshuaj nruab nrab cov dej khib nyiab, cov dej khib nyiab feem ntau muaj cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm ammonia nitrogen thiab phosphorus thiab lwm yam kuab paug, siv magnesium ammonium phosphate chemical nag lossis daus txheej txheem tuaj yeem tshem tawm ob qho pa phem tib yam. lub sij hawm, cov generated magnesium ammonium phosphate ntsev los nag tuaj yeem rov ua dua.
Magnesium ammonium phosphate tshuaj nag lossis daus txoj kev tseem hu ua struvite method.
Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim tshuaj intermediate, ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm sulfuric acid feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv ib co kev cob qhia, thiab pH ntawm cov dej khib nyiab no tej zaum yuav tsawg. Txhawm rau txhim kho pH tus nqi ntawm cov dej khib nyiab thiab tshem tawm qee cov sulfate ions tib lub sijhawm, txoj kev ntxiv CaO feem ntau yog siv, uas yog hu ua cov tshuaj nag lossis daus txheej txheem ntawm quicklime desulfurization.
1.3 adsorption kev ua haujlwm
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshem tawm cov pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm txoj kev adsorption yog hais txog kev siv cov khoom ntxeem tau los adsorb qee yam lossis ntau yam ntawm cov pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab, kom cov pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm lossis rov ua dua tshiab.
Feem ntau siv adsorbents suav nrog xws li ya tshauv, slag, activated carbon thiab adsorption resin, ntawm cov activated carbon feem ntau siv.
1.4 huab cua flotation
Huab cua floatation txoj kev yog txheej txheem kev kho dej khib nyiab uas muaj cov npuas me me uas tau siv los ua cov nqa khoom los tsim cov adhesion rau cov pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab. Vim tias qhov ntom ntom ntawm cov npuas me me uas ua rau muaj kuab paug tsawg dua li cov dej thiab ntab, cov khoom-kua lossis kua-kua sib cais tau pom tau.
Cov ntaub ntawv huab cua floatation muaj xws li yaj huab cua floatation, aerated cua floatation, electrolysis cua floatation thiab tshuaj cua floatation, thiab lwm yam. [18], ntawm cov tshuaj cua floatation yog haum rau kev kho cov dej khib nyiab uas muaj cov ntsiab lus tshem tawm siab.
Huab cua flotation txoj kev muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev nqis peev tsawg, cov txheej txheem yooj yim, kev saib xyuas yooj yim thiab kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg, tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab.
1.5 electrolysis
Cov txheej txheem electrolytic yog kev siv lub luag haujlwm tam sim no txaus siab, tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, hloov cov pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab thiab raug tshem tawm, cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv electrolytic tshwm sim hauv cov tshuaj electrolyte yog los ntawm cov khoom siv electrode thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrode, tsim cov ecological tshiab. ecological oxygen thiab hydrogen [H] thiab cov dej khib nyiab ntawm REDOX cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua rau muaj kuab paug tawm.
Txoj kev electrolysis muaj kev ua haujlwm siab thiab ua haujlwm yooj yim hauv kev kho dej khib nyiab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txoj kev electrolysis tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov xim xim hauv cov dej khib nyiab thiab txhim kho biodegradability ntawm cov dej khib nyiab.
Daim duab
2. Advanced oxidation technology
Advanced oxidation technology, raws li kev kho dej tshiab, muaj ntau yam zoo, xws li kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm degradation ntawm cov pa phem, ntau dua degradation thiab oxidation ntawm cov pa phem thiab tsis muaj pa phem thib ob.
Advanced oxidation thev naus laus zis, tseem hu ua thev naus laus zis oxidation sib sib zog nqus, yog lub tshuab siv lub cev thiab tshuaj kho mob uas siv oxidizer, lub teeb, hluav taws xob, suab, sib nqus thiab catalyst los tsim cov dawb radicals (xws li · OH) kom degrade refractory organic pollutants.
Hauv kev kho cov dej khib nyiab, kev siv tshuab oxidation siab heev tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev saib xyuas.
Advanced oxidation tshuab feem ntau suav nrog electrochemical oxidation, tshuaj oxidation, ultrasonic oxidation, ntub catalytic oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, composite catalytic oxidation, supercritical dej oxidation thiab advanced oxidation ua ke technology.
Kev siv tshuaj oxidation yog siv cov tshuaj oxidation lawv tus kheej los yog nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob uas muaj zog oxidation rau oxidize cov organic pollutants nyob rau hauv cov dej khib nyiab kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm tshem tawm cov pa phem, tshuaj oxidation txoj kev xws li ozone oxidation, Fenton oxidation txoj kev thiab ntub catalytic oxidation txoj kev.
2.1 Fenton oxidation txheej txheem
Fenton oxidation method yog ib hom kev oxidation siab heev uas tau siv dav rau tam sim no. Txoj kev no siv ferric ntsev (Fe2+ los yog Fe3+) ua catalyst los tsim · OH nrog muaj zog oxidation nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm ntxiv H2O2, uas muaj peev xwm muaj oxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog organic pollutants yam tsis tau xaiv kom ua tau lub degradation thiab mineralization ntawm cov pa phem.
Txoj kev no muaj ntau yam zoo, nrog rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ceev ceev, tsis muaj kev ua qias tuaj nruab nrab thiab muaj zog oxidation, thiab lwm yam Fenton oxidation txoj kev feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev kho dej khib nyiab vim tsis xaiv oxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj oxidation thiab cov txheej txheem yuav txo tau cov dej khib nyiab. toxicity ntawm cov dej khib nyiab thiab lwm yam ntxwv.
2.2 Electrochemical oxidation txoj kev
Electrochemical oxidation txoj kev yog siv cov ntaub ntawv electrode los tsim superoxide dawb radical · O2 thiab hydroxyl dawb radical · OH, ob qho tib si uas muaj oxidation siab, tuaj yeem oxidize cov organic teeb meem hauv dej khib nyiab, thiab tom qab ntawd ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshem tawm cov pa phem.
Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev no muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob siab thiab tus nqi siab.
2.3 Photocatalytic oxidation
Photocatalytic oxidation yog cov cuab yeej siv tau zoo hauv kev kho dej, uas siv cov khoom siv catalytic (xws li TiO2, SrO2, WO3, SnO2, thiab lwm yam) raws li catalytic carriers los nqa tawm catalytic oxidation ntawm feem ntau ntawm kev txo cov pa phem hauv dej khib nyiab, yog li ntawd. kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshem tawm cov pa phem.
Vim hais tias feem ntau ntawm cov tebchaw uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov dej khib nyiab yog polar tshuaj nrog acidic pab pawg neeg los yog polar tshuaj nrog alkaline pawg, xws li tshuaj yuav ncaj qha los yog indirectly degraded los ntawm lub teeb.
2.4 Supercritical dej oxidation
Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) yog ib hom kev kho dej thev naus laus zis uas siv dej los ua qhov nruab nrab thiab siv cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov dej hauv lub xeev supercritical los txhim kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab paub qhov ua tiav oxidation ntawm cov organic teeb meem.
2.5 Advanced oxidation ua ke technology
Txhua cov txheej txheem oxidation siab heev siv nws cov kev txwv, txhawm rau txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev kho dej khib nyiab, cov txheej txheem oxidation siab heev tau ua ke ua ke, tsim kev sib xyaw ntawm cov thev naus laus zis oxidation, lossis ib qho kev siv thev naus laus zis oxidation ua ke nrog lwm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab. thev naus laus zis los txhim kho lub peev xwm ntawm oxidation thiab kev kho mob thiab ua kom tau raws li cov dej zoo hloov hauv cov chav kawm loj dua kev kho dej khib nyiab.
UV-Fenton, UV-H2O2, UV-O3, ultrasonic photocatalysis, activated carbon photocatalysis, microwave photocatalysis thiab photocatalysis, thiab lwm yam.
Ozone activated carbon txheej txheem, O3-H2O2 thiab UV-O3, los ntawm kev kho cov nyhuv ntawm refractory khib nyiab thiab engineering daim ntawv thov, O3-H2O2 thiab UV-O3 muaj peev xwm loj hlob.
Cov txheej txheem Fenton sib xyaw ua ke suav nrog micro-electrolysis Fenton txoj kev, hlau filings H2O2 txoj kev, photochemical Fenton txoj kev (xws li hnub ci Fenton txoj kev, UV-Fenton txoj kev, thiab lwm yam), tab sis txoj kev siv hluav taws xob Fenton yog dav siv.
Daim duab
3. Biochemical kev kho mob technology
Biochemical kev kho tshuab yog lub ntsiab thev naus laus zis hauv kev kho dej khib nyiab, los ntawm kev loj hlob microbial, metabolism, kev tsim tawm thiab lwm yam txheej txheem kom decompose cov organic teeb meem hauv cov dej khib nyiab, tau lawv lub zog xav tau thiab ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshem tawm cov organic teeb meem.
3.1 Anaerobic biotherapy technology
Anaerobic biological kho tshuab yog nyob rau hauv qhov tsis muaj molecular oxygen ib puag ncig, kev siv cov kab mob anaerobic metabolism, los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm hydrolytic acidification, hydrogen ntau lawm acetic acid thiab methane ntau lawm thiab lwm yam txheej txheem los hloov macromolecules, nyuaj rau degrade organic teeb meem rau hauv CH4, CO2. , H2O thiab me me molecular organic teeb meem.
Synthetic pharmaceutical wastewater feem ntau muaj ntau ntawm cyclic refractory organic tshuaj, uas tsis tuaj yeem ncaj qha degraded thiab siv los ntawm cov kab mob aerobic, yog li tam sim no anaerobic kho tshuab tau dhau los ua cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv kev kho cov dej khib nyiab hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws [43] .
anaerobic biological kev kho tshuab muaj ntau yam zoo: anaerobic reactor ua hauj lwm txheej txheem tsis tas yuav muab aeration, zog noj tsawg;
Cov organic load ntawm anaerobic influent dej feem ntau yog siab.
Cov khoom noj khoom haus tsawg;
Cov sludge tawm los ntawm anaerobic reactor yog tsawg, thiab cov sludge yog ib qho yooj yim rau dehydrate.
methane tsim nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem anaerobic tuaj yeem siv ua lub zog.
Txawm li cas los xij, anaerobic effluent tsis tuaj yeem tawm mus rau tus qauv, thiab nws yuav tsum tau kho ntxiv los ntawm kev sib txuas nrog lwm cov txheej txheem. Txawm li cas los xij, thev naus laus zis kho anaerobic yog qhov nkag siab rau pH tus nqi, kub thiab lwm yam. Yog tias qhov hloov pauv loj, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv anaerobic yuav raug cuam tshuam ncaj qha, thiab tom qab ntawd cov dej ntws zoo yuav raug cuam tshuam.
3.2 Aerobic biological kho tshuab
Aerobic biological kho tshuab yog ib qho kev kho mob lom neeg siv tshuab uas siv cov oxidative decomposition thiab assimilation synthesis ntawm cov kab mob aerobic kom tshem tawm cov organic degraded. Thaum lub sij hawm kev loj hlob thiab metabolism ntawm cov kab mob aerobic, ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm reproduction yuav tsum tau ua, uas yuav tsim tau tshiab activated sludge. Cov activated sludge ntau dhau yuav raug tso tawm los ntawm daim ntawv ntawm cov sludge seem, thiab cov dej khib nyiab yuav raug ntxuav tib lub sijhawm.

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