Qhov xwm txheej tam sim no: kev lag luam tshuaj feem ntau tsom mus rau kev tsim tshuaj lom neeg, tshuaj lom neeg thiab tshuaj suav tshuaj suav, thiab kev tsim khoom muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm ntau yam khoom, cov txheej txheem nyuaj thiab cov nplai ntau lawm sib txawv.
Cov dej khib nyiab uas tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov pa phem ntau, cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke, kev puas tsuaj tsis zoo thiab muaj tshuaj lom neeg ntau.
Cov tshuaj synthesis thiab fermentation tshuaj ntau lawm dej khib nyiab yog qhov nyuaj thiab qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj kev ua qias tuaj ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj.
Cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm kev tsim tshuaj yog cov pa phem loj uas tso tawm thaum lub sijhawm tsim tshuaj [2].
Cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm cov tshuaj muaj peev xwm muab faib ua plaub pawg [3], piv txwv li cov kua khib nyiab thiab cov kua niam hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom;
Cov kua seem hauv kev rov qab muaj xws li cov kuab tshuaj, cov kua ua ntej, cov khoom lag luam, thiab lwm yam.
Cov txheej txheem pabcuam dej ntws xws li dej txias, thiab lwm yam.
Cov khoom siv thiab cov dej khib nyiab ntxuav hauv av;
Cov dej phwj hauv tsev.
Kev siv tshuab rau kev kho cov dej khib nyiab nruab nrab ntawm cov tshuaj
Vim yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov dej khib nyiab nruab nrab xws li COD siab, nitrogen siab, phosphorus siab, ntsev siab, chroma tob, cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke thiab biodegradability tsis zoo, cov txheej txheem kho mob feem ntau suav nrog kev kho mob physicochemical thiab cov txheej txheem kho biochemical [6].
Raws li ntau hom dej khib nyiab zoo, ntau txoj kev xws li kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov txheej txheem physicochemical thiab cov txheej txheem biological kuj tseem yuav raug siv [7].
Daim duab
1. Kev siv tshuab kho lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg
Tam sim no, cov txheej txheem kho lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg tseem ceeb rau cov dej khib nyiab tsim tshuaj suav nrog: txoj kev ua kom cov pa roj tawm, txoj kev coagulation sedimentation, txoj kev adsorption, txoj kev rov qab osmosis, txoj kev incineration thiab cov txheej txheem oxidation siab heev [8].
Ntxiv rau, cov txheej txheem electrolysis thiab cov tshuaj precipitation, xws li FE-C micro-electrolysis thiab MAP precipitation cov txheej txheem rau kev tshem tawm nitrogen thiab phosphorus, kuj tseem siv dav hauv kev kho cov dej khib nyiab nruab nrab.
1.1 Txoj kev coagulation thiab sedimentation
Cov txheej txheem coagulation yog ib qho txheej txheem uas cov khoom me me thiab cov khoom me me hauv dej raug hloov mus rau hauv lub xeev tsis ruaj khov los ntawm kev ntxiv cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab tom qab ntawd sib sau ua ke rau hauv flocs lossis flocs uas yooj yim cais.
Tam sim no, cov thev naus laus zis no feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev kho ua ntej, kev kho nruab nrab thiab kev kho mob siab heev ntawm cov dej khib nyiab tshuaj [10].
Cov thev naus laus zis ntawm kev coagulation thiab sedimentation muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov thev naus laus zis paub tab, cov khoom siv yooj yim, kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov thiab kev saib xyuas yooj yim.
Txawm li cas los xij, yuav muaj ntau cov tshuaj sludge tsim tawm thaum lub sijhawm siv cov thev naus laus zis no, uas yuav ua rau pH qis ntawm cov dej khib nyiab thiab cov ntsev ntau ntawm cov dej khib nyiab.
Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, cov txheej txheem coagulation thiab sedimentation tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov pa phem uas yaj hauv cov dej khib nyiab, thiab nws tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov pa phem thiab cov pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab tag nrho.
1.2 Txoj kev siv tshuaj lom neeg los nag
Txoj kev siv tshuaj lom neeg los nag yog ib txoj kev siv tshuaj lom neeg los tshem tawm cov pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg uas yaj tau thiab cov pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab kom tsim cov ntsev uas tsis yaj tau, hydroxides lossis cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke.
Cov dej khib nyiab nruab nrab ntawm cov tshuaj feem ntau muaj cov ammonia nitrogen, phosphate thiab sulfate ions ntau, thiab lwm yam. Rau hom dej khib nyiab no, txoj kev siv tshuaj lom neeg feem ntau siv rau kev kho lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg kom ntseeg tau tias kev ua haujlwm ib txwm ntawm cov txheej txheem kho biochemical tom ntej.
Ua ib txoj kev siv tshuab kho dej ib txwm muaj, feem ntau siv cov tshuaj los ua kom cov dej khib nyiab mos.
Vim yog siv cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntshiab siab hauv cov txheej txheem tsim cov dej khib nyiab nruab nrab, cov dej khib nyiab feem ntau muaj cov ammonia nitrogen thiab phosphorus thiab lwm yam pa phem ntau, siv cov txheej txheem tshuaj magnesium ammonium phosphate tuaj yeem tshem tawm ob yam pa phem tib lub sijhawm, cov ntsev magnesium ammonium phosphate uas tsim tau tuaj yeem rov ua dua tshiab.
Txoj kev ua kom cov tshuaj magnesium ammonium phosphate los nag kuj tseem hu ua txoj kev struvite.
Hauv cov txheej txheem tsim cov tshuaj nruab nrab, feem ntau siv cov kua qaub sulfuric ntau hauv qee lub chaw ua haujlwm, thiab pH ntawm cov dej khib nyiab no yuav qis. Txhawm rau txhim kho tus nqi pH ntawm cov dej khib nyiab thiab tshem tawm qee cov sulfate ions tib lub sijhawm, txoj kev ntxiv CaO feem ntau siv, uas hu ua txoj kev nag lossis daus tshuaj ntawm quicklime desulfurization.
1.3 kev nqus dej
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshem tawm cov pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm txoj kev adsorption yog hais txog kev siv cov khoom khov kho uas muaj qhov ntxeem tau los nqus qee yam lossis ntau yam pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab, yog li cov pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm lossis rov ua dua tshiab.
Cov adsorbents feem ntau siv suav nrog cov tshauv ya, slag, activated carbon thiab adsorption resin, ntawm cov activated carbon feem ntau siv.
1.4 cua ntab
Txoj kev ua kom huab cua ntab yog ib txoj kev kho dej khib nyiab uas siv cov npuas me me uas tawg ua ntau heev los ua cov khoom nqa kom lo rau cov pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab. Vim tias qhov ceev ntawm cov npuas me me uas lo rau cov pa phem tsawg dua li dej thiab ntab mus rau saum ntuj, kev sib cais ntawm cov khoom khov-kua lossis kua-kua tau ua tiav.
Cov qauv ntawm cov huab cua ntab suav nrog cov huab cua yaj, cov huab cua ntab, cov huab cua electrolysis ntab thiab cov huab cua tshuaj lom neeg, thiab lwm yam [18], ntawm cov uas cov huab cua tshuaj lom neeg ntab yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev kho cov dej khib nyiab uas muaj cov khoom ntim siab.
Txoj kev ua kom huab cua ntab muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev nqis peev tsawg, cov txheej txheem yooj yim, kev saib xyuas yooj yim thiab kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg, tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab.
1.5 kev siv hluav taws xob
Cov txheej txheem electrolytic yog siv lub luag haujlwm tam sim no, tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg, hloov cov pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab thiab tshem tawm, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem electrolytic tshwm sim hauv cov kua electrolyte yog los ntawm cov khoom siv electrode thiab electrode reaction, tsim cov pa oxygen tshiab thiab hydrogen [H] thiab cov pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab ntawm REDOX reaction ua rau tshem tawm cov pa phem.
Txoj kev electrolysis muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab yooj yim hauv kev kho cov dej khib nyiab. Tib lub sijhawm, txoj kev electrolysis tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov xim hauv cov dej khib nyiab thiab txhim kho kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov dej khib nyiab.
Daim duab
2. Kev siv tshuab oxidation siab heev
Kev siv tshuab oxidation siab heev, ua ib txoj kev kho dej tshiab, muaj ntau yam zoo, xws li kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm kev rhuav tshem cov pa phem, kev rhuav tshem thiab oxidation ntawm cov pa phem ntau dua thiab tsis muaj kev ua qias tuaj ntxiv.
Kev siv tshuab oxidation siab heev, tseem hu ua kev siv tshuab oxidation tob tob, yog kev siv tshuab kho lub cev thiab tshuaj uas siv oxidizer, lub teeb, hluav taws xob, suab, sib nqus thiab catalyst los tsim cov free radicals uas muaj zog heev (xws li · OH) los rhuav tshem cov pa phem refractory organic.
Hauv kev kho cov dej khib nyiab tshuaj, kev siv tshuab oxidation siab heev tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev saib xyuas dav dav.
Cov thev naus laus zis oxidation siab heev suav nrog electrochemical oxidation, tshuaj oxidation, ultrasonic oxidation, ntub catalytic oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, composite catalytic oxidation, supercritical dej oxidation thiab advanced oxidation ua ke thev naus laus zis.
Txoj kev oxidation tshuaj lom neeg yog siv cov tshuaj lom neeg lawv tus kheej lossis nyob rau hauv qee qhov xwm txheej nrog oxidation muaj zog los oxidize cov organic kuab paug hauv cov dej khib nyiab kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshem tawm cov kuab paug, cov txheej txheem oxidation tshuaj lom neeg suav nrog ozone oxidation, Fenton oxidation txoj kev thiab cov txheej txheem catalytic oxidation ntub.
2.1 Cov txheej txheem oxidation ntawm Fenton
Txoj kev Fenton oxidation yog ib hom kev oxidation siab heev uas siv dav tam sim no. Txoj kev no siv cov ntsev ferric (Fe2+ lossis Fe3+) ua catalyst los tsim OH nrog oxidation muaj zog nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev ntxiv H2O2, uas tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam oxidation nrog cov pa phem organic yam tsis muaj kev xaiv kom ua tiav kev puas tsuaj thiab kev ua kom cov pa phem.
Txoj kev no muaj ntau yam zoo, suav nrog kev teb ceev ceev, tsis muaj kev ua qias tuaj thib ob thiab oxidation muaj zog, thiab lwm yam. Txoj kev Fenton oxidation feem ntau siv rau hauv kev kho dej khib nyiab vim yog qhov tsis xaiv oxidation hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev oxidation tshuaj thiab txoj kev no tuaj yeem txo qhov lom ntawm cov dej khib nyiab thiab lwm yam ntxwv.
2.2 Txoj kev oxidation electrochemical
Txoj kev oxidation electrochemical yog siv cov khoom siv electrode los tsim cov superoxide free radical · O2 thiab hydroxyl free radical · OH, ob qho tib si muaj kev ua haujlwm oxidation siab, tuaj yeem oxidize cov organic hauv cov dej khib nyiab, thiab tom qab ntawd ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshem tawm cov pa phem.
Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev no muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob ntau thiab tus nqi siab.
2.3 Kev ua kom sov los ntawm photocatalytic
Kev siv tshuab photocatalytic oxidation yog ib txoj kev kho mob zoo heev hauv kev kho dej, uas siv cov khoom siv catalytic (xws li TiO2, SrO2, WO3, SnO2, thiab lwm yam) ua cov khoom siv catalytic los ua kom cov pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab tawm ntawm cov pa phem.
Vim tias feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov dej khib nyiab tshuaj yog cov tshuaj polar nrog cov pab pawg acidic lossis cov tshuaj polar nrog cov pab pawg alkaline, cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem raug rhuav tshem ncaj qha lossis tsis ncaj qha los ntawm lub teeb.
2.4 Kev ua kom dej oxidation tseem ceeb heev
Supercritical dej oxidation (SCWO) yog ib hom kev kho dej uas siv dej ua qhov nruab nrab thiab siv cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm dej hauv lub xeev supercritical los txhim kho qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab paub txog qhov oxidation tag nrho ntawm cov organic.
2.5 Kev siv tshuab oxidation ua ke
Txhua txoj kev siv tshuab oxidation siab heev siv lawv cov kev txwv, txhawm rau txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev kho dej khib nyiab, ntau cov txheej txheem oxidation siab heev tau muab tso ua ke, tsim kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov txheej txheem oxidation siab heev, lossis ib qho txheej txheem oxidation siab heev ua ke nrog lwm cov txheej txheem rau hauv cov txheej txheem tshiab los txhim kho lub peev xwm ntawm oxidation thiab cov txiaj ntsig kho thiab kom tau raws li cov kev hloov pauv zoo ntawm cov dej hauv cov chav kawm loj dua ntawm kev kho dej khib nyiab tshuaj.
UV-Fenton, UV-H2O2, UV-O3, ultrasonic photocatalysis, activated carbon photocatalysis, microwave photocatalysis thiab photocatalysis, thiab lwm yam. Tam sim no, cov thev naus laus zis sib xyaw ua ke ozone uas tau kawm ntau tshaj plaws yog [36]:
Cov txheej txheem ozone activated carbon, O3-H2O2 thiab UV-O3, los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig kho mob ntawm cov dej khib nyiab refractory thiab kev siv engineering, O3-H2O2 thiab UV-O3 muaj peev xwm loj hlob ntau dua.
Cov txheej txheem sib xyaw ua ke ntawm Fenton suav nrog micro-electrolysis Fenton txoj kev, hlau filings H2O2 txoj kev, photochemical Fenton txoj kev (xws li lub hnub ci Fenton txoj kev, UV-Fenton txoj kev, thiab lwm yam), tab sis hluav taws xob Fenton txoj kev siv dav.
Daim duab
3. Kev siv tshuab kho mob biochemical
Kev siv tshuab kho biochemical yog lub thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb hauv kev kho dej khib nyiab, los ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob me me, kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev, kev tsim tawm thiab lwm yam txheej txheem los rhuav tshem cov organic hauv cov dej khib nyiab, tau txais lawv lub zog xav tau thiab ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshem tawm cov organic.
3.1 Kev siv tshuab kho mob anaerobic biological
Kev siv tshuab kho mob anaerobic biological yog nyob rau hauv qhov tsis muaj molecular oxygen ib puag ncig, kev siv cov kab mob anaerobic metabolism, los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm hydrolytic acidification, hydrogen ntau lawm acetic acid thiab methane ntau lawm thiab lwm yam txheej txheem los hloov macromolecules, nyuaj rau degrade organic matter rau hauv CH4, CO2, H2O thiab me me molecular organic matter.
Cov dej khib nyiab tshuaj feem ntau muaj ntau cov tshuaj organic uas tsis yooj yim puas tsuaj, uas cov kab mob aerobic tsis tuaj yeem lwj thiab siv tau ncaj qha, yog li cov thev naus laus zis kho anaerobic tam sim no tau dhau los ua txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb hauv kev kho cov dej khib nyiab tshuaj hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws [43].
Kev siv tshuab kho mob anaerobic biological muaj ntau yam zoo: cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm ntawm anaerobic reactor tsis tas yuav muab aeration, kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg;
Cov organic load ntawm cov dej anaerobic feem ntau yog siab.
Cov kev xav tau zaub mov tsawg;
Cov sludge yield ntawm anaerobic reactor yog tsawg, thiab cov sludge yooj yim rau dehydrate.
Cov pa roj methane uas tsim tawm hauv cov txheej txheem anaerobic tuaj yeem rov ua dua tshiab ua lub zog.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov dej khib nyiab anaerobic tsis tuaj yeem tso tawm mus txog tus qauv, thiab nws yuav tsum tau kho ntxiv los ntawm kev sib xyaw nrog lwm cov txheej txheem. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem kho mob anaerobic biological yog rhiab heev rau pH tus nqi, kub thiab lwm yam. Yog tias qhov kev hloov pauv loj, qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv anaerobic yuav raug cuam tshuam ncaj qha, thiab tom qab ntawd qhov zoo ntawm cov dej khib nyiab yuav raug cuam tshuam.
3.2 Kev siv tshuab kho mob aerobic biological
Kev siv tshuab kho kab mob aerobic yog ib txoj kev siv tshuab kho kab mob uas siv cov kab mob aerobic bacteria uas siv cov oxidative decomposition thiab assimilation los tshem tawm cov organic matter uas lwj. Thaum lub sijhawm loj hlob thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob aerobic, yuav muaj ntau yam kev yug me nyuam, uas yuav tsim cov sludge tshiab. Cov sludge uas ua kom ntau dhau yuav raug tso tawm los ntawm cov sludge seem, thiab cov dej khib nyiab yuav raug ntxuav tib lub sijhawm.

MIT –IVY Kev Lag Luam Tshuaj nrog4 lub Hoobkasrau 19 xyoo, cov xim pleevNruab Nrabs & cov tshuaj nruab nrab &cov tshuaj zoo thiab tshwj xeeb .Xov Tooj (WhatsApp): 008613805212761 Athena