Kev daws teeb meem ntxiv dag zog

1. Kev txhais

Ib tug tshwm sim nyob rau hauv uas alloying ntsiab yog yaj nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus hlau los ua ib tug tej yam degree ntawm lattice distortion thiab yog li ua rau kom lub zog ntawm lub alloy.

2. Txoj Cai

Lub solute atoms yaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom tov ua rau lattice distortion, uas tsub kom qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm dislocation txav, ua rau slipping nyuaj, thiab tsub kom lub zog thiab hardness ntawm cov alloy khoom tov. Qhov no tshwm sim ntawm kev ntxiv dag zog rau cov hlau los ntawm kev ua kom lub cev muaj zog los ua ib qho kev daws teeb meem hu ua solid solution strengthening. Thaum cov concentration ntawm cov atoms yog tsim nyog, lub zog thiab hardness ntawm cov khoom yuav nce, tab sis nws toughness thiab plasticity tau txo.

3. Muaj feem cuam tshuam

Qhov siab dua ntawm cov atomic feem ntawm cov atoms solute atoms, qhov ntau dua qhov ntxiv dag zog rau cov nyhuv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum cov atomic feem tsawg heev, cov nyhuv ntxiv zog yog qhov tseem ceeb.

Qhov ntau dua qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kua atoms thiab cov atomic loj ntawm lub hauv paus hlau, qhov ntau dua qhov ntxiv dag zog.

Interstitial solute atoms muaj cov kuab tshuaj muaj zog ntau dua li cov khoom siv hloov pauv, thiab vim tias cov lattice distortion ntawm interstitial atoms nyob rau hauv lub cev-centered cubic crystals yog asymmetric, lawv cov nyhuv zog yog ntau dua li lub ntsej muag-centered cubic crystals; tab sis interstitial atoms Cov khoom solubility tsawg heev, yog li qhov tseeb ntxiv dag zog rau cov nyhuv kuj tseem txwv.

Qhov ntau dua qhov sib txawv ntawm cov valence electrons nruab nrab ntawm cov kua atoms thiab cov hlau hauv paus, qhov ntau pom tseeb ntawm cov khoom siv ntxiv dag zog rau cov nyhuv, uas yog, lub zog tawm los ntawm cov khoom muaj zog nce ntxiv nrog qhov nce ntawm valence electron concentration.

4. Lub degree ntawm cov khoom siv ntxiv zog yog nyob ntawm cov hauv qab no

Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov loj me ntawm matrix atoms thiab solute atoms. Qhov loj dua qhov sib txawv, qhov ntau dua qhov cuam tshuam rau cov qauv siv lead ua qub, thiab qhov nyuaj dua nws yog rau kev poob qis.

Tus nqi ntawm alloying ntsiab. Cov ntsiab lus alloying ntau ntxiv, qhov ua kom muaj zog ntau dua. Yog hais tias ntau atoms loj dhau los yog me me, cov solubility yuav dhau mus. Qhov no suav nrog lwm txoj kev ntxiv dag zog, cov theem dispersed ntxiv dag zog.

Interstitial solute atoms muaj cov kuab tshuaj muaj zog ntau dua li cov atom hloov.

Qhov ntau dua qhov sib txawv ntawm cov valence electrons nruab nrab ntawm cov kua atoms thiab cov hlau hauv paus, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov kev daws teeb meem ntxiv zog.

5. Cov nyhuv

Yield zog, tensile lub zog thiab hardness muaj zog dua cov hlau ntshiab;

Feem ntau, qhov ductility qis dua li cov hlau ntshiab;

Cov conductivity tsawg dua li cov hlau ntshiab;

Creep kuj, los yog lub zog poob ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm cov khoom siv ntxiv dag zog.

Ua hauj lwm hardening

1. Kev txhais

Raws li cov degree ntawm txias deformation nce, lub zog thiab hardness ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hlau nce, tab sis lub plasticity thiab toughness txo.

2. Taw qhia

Ib qho tshwm sim uas lub zog thiab hardness ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hlau nce thaum lawv plastically deformed hauv qab qhov kub ntawm recrystallization, thaum lub plasticity thiab toughness txo. Kuj hu ua txias ua hauj lwm hardening. Yog vim li cas yog vim li cas thaum cov hlau yog plastically deformed, cov khoom siv lead ua pob zeb plam thiab dislocations entangled, uas ua rau cov khoom siv lead ua elongate, tawg, thiab fiberize, thiab residual stresses generated nyob rau hauv cov hlau. Cov degree ntawm kev ua hauj lwm hardening feem ntau yog qhia los ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm microhardness ntawm txheej txheej tom qab ua rau qhov ua ntej ua thiab qhov tob ntawm txheej hardened.

3. Kev txhais los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm dislocation txoj kev xav

(1) Kev sib tshuam tshwm sim ntawm qhov sib txawv, thiab qhov tshwm sim txiav cuam tshuam qhov kev txav ntawm qhov dislocations;

(2) Ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim ntawm qhov dislocations, thiab qhov tsim kho dislocation cuam tshuam kev txav ntawm qhov dislocation;

(3) Kev loj hlob ntawm dislocations tshwm sim, thiab qhov nce ntawm dislocation ceev ntxiv ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv rau dislocation txav.

4. Kev puas tsuaj

Kev ua hauj lwm hardening coj teeb meem rau kev ua cov hlau txuas ntxiv. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm txias-dov cov hlau phaj, nws yuav ua nyuaj thiab nyuaj rau yob, yog li nws yog tsim nyog los npaj intermediate annealing thaum lub sij hawm ua cov txheej txheem kom tshem tawm nws ua hauj lwm hardening los ntawm cua sov. Lwm qhov piv txwv yog ua kom lub ntsej muag ntawm lub workpiece nkig thiab tawv hauv cov txheej txheem txiav, yog li ua kom cov cuab yeej hnav thiab ua kom muaj zog txiav.

5. Cov txiaj ntsig

Nws tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog, hardness thiab hnav tsis kam ntawm cov hlau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov hlau ntshiab thiab qee cov alloys uas tsis tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm kev kho cua sov. Piv txwv li, txias-drawn high-strength steel hlau thiab txias-coiled caij nplooj ntoos hlav, thiab lwm yam, siv txias ua hauj lwm deformation los txhim kho nws lub zog thiab elastic txwv. Lwm qhov piv txwv yog kev siv kev ua haujlwm nyuaj los txhim kho cov tawv tawv thiab hnav tsis kam ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam, tsheb laij teb lem, crusher puab tsaig thiab kev tsheb ciav hlau.

6. Lub luag haujlwm hauv mechanical engineering

Tom qab kos duab txias, dov thiab txhaj tshuaj peening (saib qhov chaw ntxiv dag zog) thiab lwm yam txheej txheem, lub zog saum npoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hlau, qhov chaw thiab cov khoom tuaj yeem txhim kho tau zoo;

Tom qab cov khoom muaj kev ntxhov siab, qhov kev ntxhov siab hauv cheeb tsam ntawm qee qhov feem ntau tshaj qhov kev txwv ntawm cov khoom, ua rau cov yas deformation. Vim kev ua hauj lwm hardening, kev txuas ntxiv ntawm cov yas deformation yog txwv, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom thiab cov khoom;

Thaum ib qho hlau los yog cov khoom raug stamped, nws cov yas deformation yog nrog los ntawm kev ntxiv dag zog, kom lub deformation yog pauv mus rau qhov tsis ua hauj lwm hardened ib ncig ntawm nws. Tom qab qhov kev hloov pauv zoo li no, cov khoom txias stamping nrog cov txheej txheem sib txawv tuaj yeem tau txais;

Nws tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov pa roj carbon tsawg thiab ua rau cov chips yooj yim sib cais. Tab sis kev ua hauj lwm hardening kuj coj teeb meem rau kev ua cov hlau txuas ntxiv. Piv txwv li, txias-draw steel hlau siv ntau lub zog rau kev kos duab ntxiv vim kev ua haujlwm nyuaj, thiab tej zaum yuav tawg. Yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau annealed kom tshem tawm ua hauj lwm hardening ua ntej kos duab. Lwm qhov piv txwv yog tias txhawm rau ua kom lub ntsej muag ntawm lub workpiece nkig thiab tawv thaum txiav, txiav quab yuam yog nce thaum rov txiav, thiab cov cuab yeej hnav tau nrawm dua.

Fine grain ntxiv dag zog

1. Kev txhais

Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txhim kho cov khoom siv hlau ntawm cov khoom siv hlau los ntawm kev ua kom cov khoom siv lead ua yog hu ua crystal refining strengthening. Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, lub zog ntawm cov khoom yog txhim kho los ntawm refining lub crystal grains.

2. Txoj Cai

Cov hlau feem ntau yog polycrystals tsim los ntawm ntau cov khoom siv lead ua. Qhov loj ntawm cov pob zeb siv lead ua tuaj yeem qhia tau los ntawm tus lej ntawm cov khoom siv lead ua rau ib chav tsev ntim. Qhov ntau tus naj npawb, qhov finer lub crystal grains. Cov kev sim qhia tau hais tias cov hlau nplua-grained nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub muaj zog dua, hardness, plasticity thiab toughness dua coarse-grained hlau. Qhov no yog vim hais tias cov nplej nplua nuj tau txais cov yas deformation nyob rau hauv lub zog sab nraud thiab tuaj yeem tawg mus rau hauv cov nplej ntau dua, cov yas deformation ntau dua, thiab qhov kev ntxhov siab tsawg dua; Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub finer lub nplej, qhov loj ntawm lub grain ciam teb cheeb tsam thiab ntau tortuous grain ciam teb. Qhov ntau unfavorable propagation ntawm tawg. Yog li ntawd, txoj kev txhim kho lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv los ntawm refining cov khoom siv lead ua yog hu ua grain refinement reinforcing hauv kev lag luam.

3. Cov nyhuv

Qhov me me ntawm cov nplej, qhov me me ntawm cov dislocations (n) hauv pawg dislocation. Raws li τ = nτ0, qhov me dua qhov kev ntxhov siab, qhov siab dua lub zog ntawm cov khoom;

Txoj cai ntxiv dag zog rau kev nplua-grain ntxiv dag zog yog tias ntau qhov ciam teb, qhov zoo dua cov nplej. Raws li kev sib raug zoo ntawm Hall-Peiqi, qhov tsawg dua qhov nruab nrab tus nqi (d) ntawm cov nplej, qhov siab dua qhov muaj zog ntawm cov khoom siv.

4. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov nplej refinement

Ua kom cov qib ntawm subcooling;

Kev kho deterioration;

Kev vibration thiab nplawm;

Rau cov hlau txias-deformed, cov khoom siv lead ua tuaj yeem ua kom zoo dua los ntawm kev tswj cov degree ntawm deformation thiab annealing kub.

Qhov thib ob theem reinforcement

1. Kev txhais

Piv nrog rau ib-theem alloys, multi-theem alloys muaj ib theem thib ob ntxiv rau matrix theem. Thaum lub sij hawm thib ob yog uniformly faib nyob rau hauv matrix theem nrog nplua dispersed hais, nws yuav muaj ib tug tseem ceeb ntxiv zog. Qhov kev txhawb zog no yog hu ua theem ob ntxiv dag zog.

2. Kev faib tawm

Rau kev txav ntawm dislocations, theem ob uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub alloy muaj ob qhov xwm txheej hauv qab no:

(1) Reinforcement ntawm non-deformable hais (bypass mechanism).

(2) Reinforcement ntawm deformable hais (txiav-dhau mechanism).

Ob qho kev ntxiv dag zog thiab nag lossis daus ntxiv yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ntxiv dag zog rau theem ob.

3. Cov nyhuv

Lub ntsiab yog vim li cas rau kev ntxiv dag zog rau theem thib ob yog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lawv thiab qhov dislocation, uas cuam tshuam qhov kev txav ntawm qhov dislocation thiab txhim kho cov deformation tsis kam ntawm cov alloy.

ua sum

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas cuam tshuam rau lub zog yog qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov qauv thiab lub xeev ntawm cov khoom nws tus kheej; qhov thib ob yog lub xeev ntawm kev quab yuam, xws li kev ceev ntawm lub zog, txoj kev ntawm kev thauj khoom, yooj yim ncab lossis rov ua dua, yuav qhia qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv; Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov geometry thiab qhov loj ntawm cov qauv thiab qhov ntsuas nruab nrab kuj muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo, qee zaum txawm tias txiav txim siab. Piv txwv li, lub zog tensile ntawm ultra-high-strength steel nyob rau hauv ib tug hydrogen cua yuav poob exponentially.

Tsuas muaj ob txoj hauv kev los ntxiv dag zog rau cov khoom siv hlau. Ib qho yog txhawm rau ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov hlau, ua kom nws lub zog theoretical, thiab npaj ua tiav cov siv lead ua tsis muaj qhov tsis xws luag, xws li whiskers. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias lub zog ntawm hlau whiskers yog ze rau tus nqi theoretical. Nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias qhov no yog vim tias tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam hauv lub ntsej muag, lossis tsuas yog ib qho me me ntawm cov dislocations uas tsis tuaj yeem proliferate thaum lub sij hawm deformation txheej txheem. Hmoov tsis zoo, thaum txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub whisker loj dua, lub zog poob qis heev. Lwm txoj hauv kev ntxiv dag zog yog ua kom paub ntau yam tsis xws luag hauv cov siv lead ua, xws li dislocations, point defects, heterogeneous atoms, grain boundaries, dispersed particles los yog inhomogeneities (xws li kev sib cais), thiab lwm yam. kuj tseem ceeb heev txhim kho lub zog ntawm cov hlau. Qhov tseeb tau ua pov thawj tias qhov no yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los ua kom muaj zog ntawm cov hlau. Rau cov khoom siv engineering, nws feem ntau yog los ntawm kev siv zog ntxiv kom ua tiav kev ua tau zoo dua.