Kev ua kom cov kua khov kho

1. Kev Txhais Lus

Ib qho xwm txheej uas cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke tau yaj rau hauv cov hlau puag kom ua rau muaj qee qib ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov lattice thiab yog li ua rau lub zog ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw ua ke.

2. Lub Ntsiab Cai

Cov solute atoms yaj hauv cov khoom khov ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov lattice, uas ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev txav mus los, ua rau nyuaj rau kev swb, thiab ua rau lub zog thiab qhov nyuaj ntawm cov khoom khov kho. Qhov xwm txheej no ntawm kev txhawb nqa cov hlau los ntawm kev yaj ib qho khoom solute los tsim cov khoom khov kho hu ua kev txhawb nqa cov khoom khov kho. Thaum qhov kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov solute atoms yog qhov tsim nyog, lub zog thiab qhov nyuaj ntawm cov khoom siv tuaj yeem nce ntxiv, tab sis nws cov tawv thiab plasticity tau txo qis.

3. Cov yam ntxwv uas cuam tshuam

Qhov siab dua ntawm cov feem pua ​​​​​​ntawm cov atoms solute, qhov ntau dua ntawm qhov ua kom muaj zog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum cov feem pua ​​​​​​ntawm cov atoms qis heev, qhov ua kom muaj zog tseem ceeb dua.

Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov solute atoms thiab qhov loj ntawm atomic ntawm cov hlau puag ntau dua, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua kom muaj zog ntau dua.

Cov atoms interstitial solute muaj cov nyhuv ua kom cov kua khov kho zoo dua li cov atoms hloov pauv, thiab vim tias qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov lattice ntawm cov atoms interstitial hauv lub cev-centered cubic siv lead ua yog asymmetric, lawv cov nyhuv ua kom muaj zog ntau dua li ntawm lub ntsej muag-centered cubic siv lead ua; tab sis interstitial atoms Cov khoom khov kho solubility yog txwv heev, yog li qhov cuam tshuam tiag tiag kuj txwv.

Qhov sib txawv ntawm tus lej ntawm cov electrons valence ntawm cov solute atoms thiab cov hlau hauv paus ntau dua, qhov pom tseeb dua ntawm cov khoom khov kho kom muaj zog, uas yog, lub zog tso zis ntawm cov khoom khov kho nce nrog rau qhov nce ntawm cov valence electron concentration.

4. Qib ntawm kev ua kom cov kua khov kho ruaj khov feem ntau nyob ntawm cov hauv qab no

Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov loj me ntawm cov matrix atoms thiab cov solute atoms. Qhov sib txawv loj dua, qhov cuam tshuam rau cov qauv siv lead ua qub ntau dua, thiab nws nyuaj dua rau kev poob qis.

Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw. Cov khoom sib xyaw ntxiv ntau npaum li cas, qhov ua rau muaj zog ntau dua. Yog tias muaj ntau lub atoms loj dhau lossis me dhau, qhov solubility yuav dhau mus. Qhov no cuam tshuam nrog lwm txoj hauv kev ua kom muaj zog, qhov kev ua kom muaj zog ntawm theem dispersed.

Cov atoms interstitial solute muaj cov nyhuv ua kom cov kua khov kho zoo dua li cov atoms hloov pauv.

Qhov sib txawv ntawm tus lej ntawm cov electrons valence ntawm cov solute atoms thiab cov hlau hauv paus ntau dua, qhov tseem ceeb dua qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom khov kho.

5. Cov nyhuv

Lub zog tawm los, lub zog tensile thiab lub zog tawv yog muaj zog dua li cov hlau ntshiab;

Feem ntau, qhov ductility qis dua li ntawm cov hlau ntshiab;

Qhov conductivity qis dua li cov hlau ntshiab;

Kev tiv thaiv kev nkag mus, lossis kev poob zog ntawm qhov kub siab, tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm kev ua kom cov kua khov kho.

Kev ua haujlwm kom tawv

1. Kev Txhais Lus

Raws li qib ntawm kev hloov pauv txias nce ntxiv, lub zog thiab qhov nyuaj ntawm cov khoom siv hlau nce ntxiv, tab sis qhov plasticity thiab toughness txo qis.

2. Kev Taw Qhia

Ib qho xwm txheej uas lub zog thiab qhov tawv ntawm cov khoom siv hlau nce ntxiv thaum lawv raug hloov pauv plastically hauv qab qhov kub recrystallization, thaum lub plasticity thiab toughness txo qis. Kuj tseem hu ua kev ua haujlwm txias hardening. Qhov laj thawj yog tias thaum cov hlau raug hloov pauv plastically, cov noob siv lead ua poob thiab dislocations raug entangled, uas ua rau cov noob siv lead ua ntev, tawg, thiab fiberize, thiab cov kev ntxhov siab seem raug tsim nyob rau hauv cov hlau. Qib ntawm kev ua haujlwm hardening feem ntau yog qhia los ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm microhardness ntawm txheej nto tom qab ua tiav rau qhov ua ntej ua tiav thiab qhov tob ntawm txheej hardened.

3. Kev txhais lus los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev hloov pauv

(1) Kev sib tshuam tshwm sim ntawm cov pob txha tawg, thiab cov txiav uas tshwm sim cuam tshuam kev txav mus los ntawm cov pob txha tawg;

(2) Ib qho kev tshwm sim tshwm sim ntawm qhov dislocations, thiab qhov dislocation ruaj khov uas tsim los cuam tshuam kev txav mus los ntawm qhov dislocation;

(3) Kev nthuav dav ntawm cov dislocations tshwm sim, thiab qhov nce ntawm qhov ceev ntawm dislocation ntxiv ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv rau kev txav mus los ntawm dislocation.

4. Kev puas tsuaj

Kev ua kom tawv tawv ua rau muaj teeb meem rau kev ua cov khoom hlau ntxiv. Piv txwv li, thaum lub sijhawm dov cov hlau txias, nws yuav nyuaj dua thiab nyuaj dua rau dov, yog li nws yog qhov tsim nyog los npaj kev kub hnyiab nruab nrab thaum lub sijhawm ua cov txheej txheem kom tshem tawm nws cov tawv tawv los ntawm kev ua kom sov. Lwm qhov piv txwv yog ua rau qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom ua haujlwm tawg thiab tawv thaum lub sijhawm txiav, yog li ua rau cov cuab yeej hnav sai dua thiab ua rau lub zog txiav ntau dua.

5. Cov txiaj ntsig

Nws tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog, qhov tawv thiab kev tiv thaiv kev hnav ntawm cov hlau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov hlau ntshiab thiab qee cov hlau uas tsis tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm kev kho cua sov. Piv txwv li, cov hlau hlau muaj zog siab uas rub txias thiab lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav txias, thiab lwm yam, siv kev hloov pauv txias los txhim kho nws lub zog thiab kev txwv elastic. Lwm qhov piv txwv yog kev siv kev ua haujlwm tawv los txhim kho qhov tawv thiab kev tiv thaiv kev hnav ntawm cov tank, txoj kev tsheb laij teb, lub puab tsaig crusher thiab txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau.

6. Lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tsim kho tshuab

Tom qab kos duab txias, dov thiab tua peening (saib qhov ua kom lub zog ntawm qhov chaw) thiab lwm yam txheej txheem, lub zog ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv hlau, qhov chaw thiab cov khoom tuaj yeem txhim kho tau zoo heev;

Tom qab cov khoom raug ntxhov siab, qhov kev ntxhov siab hauv zos ntawm qee qhov feem ntau tshaj qhov txwv ntawm cov khoom siv, ua rau cov yas deformation. Vim yog kev ua haujlwm hardening, kev txhim kho ntawm cov yas deformation raug txwv, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom thiab cov khoom sib xyaw;

Thaum ib feem hlau lossis ib feem raug ntaus cim, nws cov yas deformation yuav nrog los ntawm kev txhawb zog, yog li ntawd qhov deformation raug xa mus rau qhov tsis tau ua haujlwm khov kho nyob ib puag ncig nws. Tom qab ua ntau zaus, cov khoom ntaus cim txias nrog cov kev hloov pauv sib npaug tuaj yeem tau txais;

Nws tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov hlau carbon tsawg thiab ua rau cov chips yooj yim cais. Tab sis kev ua haujlwm hardening kuj coj teeb meem rau kev ua cov khoom hlau ntxiv. Piv txwv li, cov hlau hlau txias-rub siv zog ntau rau kev kos duab ntxiv vim yog kev ua haujlwm hardening, thiab tej zaum yuav tawg. Yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau annealed kom tshem tawm kev ua haujlwm hardening ua ntej kos duab. Lwm qhov piv txwv yog tias txhawm rau ua kom qhov chaw ntawm lub workpiece brittle thiab tawv thaum lub sijhawm txiav, lub zog txiav tau nce ntxiv thaum rov txiav, thiab cov cuab yeej hnav tau nrawm dua.

Kev txhim kho cov noob zoo

1. Kev Txhais Lus

Txoj kev txhim kho cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm cov khoom siv hlau los ntawm kev ua kom cov noob siv lead ua kom zoo dua hu ua kev txhim kho cov siv lead ua kom muaj zog. Hauv kev lag luam, lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv tau txhim kho los ntawm kev ua kom cov noob siv lead ua kom zoo dua.

2. Lub Ntsiab Cai

Cov hlau feem ntau yog cov polycrystals uas muaj ntau cov noob siv lead ua ke. Qhov loj ntawm cov noob siv lead ua ke tuaj yeem qhia los ntawm tus lej ntawm cov noob siv lead ua ke ib chav ntim. Tus lej ntau dua, cov noob siv lead ua ke zoo dua. Cov kev sim qhia tau hais tias cov hlau zoo nkauj ntawm chav tsev kub muaj lub zog siab dua, tawv dua, yas dua thiab tawv dua li cov hlau ntxhib. Qhov no yog vim tias cov noob zoo raug hloov pauv yas hauv qab lub zog sab nraud thiab tuaj yeem tawg ua ntau cov noob, cov yas hloov pauv yog sib xws dua, thiab qhov kev ntxhov siab tsawg dua; ntxiv rau, cov noob zoo dua, thaj chaw ciam teb noob loj dua thiab cov ciam teb noob tortuous ntau dua. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm cov kab nrib pleb. Yog li ntawd, txoj kev txhim kho lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv los ntawm kev ua kom cov noob siv lead ua ke hu ua kev txhim kho noob hauv kev lag luam.

3. Cov nyhuv

Qhov me dua qhov loj ntawm cov noob, qhov me dua tus naj npawb ntawm dislocations (n) hauv cov dislocation cluster. Raws li τ = nτ0, qhov me dua qhov kev ntxhov siab concentration, qhov siab dua lub zog ntawm cov khoom;

Txoj cai lij choj ntawm kev ua kom cov noob zoo yog tias cov ciam teb ntawm cov noob ntau dua, cov noob zoo dua. Raws li kev sib raug zoo ntawm Hall-Peiqi, qhov nruab nrab ntawm tus nqi me dua (d) ntawm cov noob, qhov muaj zog ntawm cov khoom siv ntau dua.

4. Txoj kev ua kom cov noob nplej zoo

Ua kom cov degree ntawm subcooling nce ntxiv;

Kev kho mob puas tsuaj;

Kev co thiab kev sib xyaw;

Rau cov hlau uas txias-deformed, cov noob siv lead ua tau zoo los ntawm kev tswj qib ntawm deformation thiab annealing kub.

Kev txhawb zog theem ob

1. Kev Txhais Lus

Piv rau cov hlau ib theem, cov hlau ntau theem muaj theem ob ntxiv rau theem matrix. Thaum theem ob raug faib sib npaug hauv theem matrix nrog cov khoom me me tawg, nws yuav muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj heev. Qhov cuam tshuam no hu ua kev txhim kho theem ob.

2. Kev faib tawm

Rau kev txav mus los ntawm dislocations, theem ob uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub alloy muaj ob qho xwm txheej hauv qab no:

(1) Kev txhawb zog ntawm cov khoom uas tsis hloov pauv tau (bypass mechanism).

(2) Kev txhawb zog ntawm cov khoom me me uas hloov pauv tau (txiav-dhau txoj kev).

Ob qho tib si kev ua kom muaj zog ntawm kev sib kis thiab kev ua kom muaj zog ntawm cov nag lossis daus yog cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua kom muaj zog theem ob.

3. Cov nyhuv

Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev txhawb zog ntawm theem thib ob yog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lawv thiab qhov dislocation, uas cuam tshuam kev txav mus los ntawm qhov dislocation thiab txhim kho qhov kev tiv thaiv deformation ntawm cov hlau.

los xaus lus

Cov yam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas cuam tshuam rau lub zog yog cov khoom sib xyaw, cov qauv thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom nws tus kheej; qhov thib ob yog lub xeev ntawm lub zog, xws li qhov ceev ntawm lub zog, txoj kev thauj khoom, kev ncab yooj yim lossis rov ua dua lub zog, yuav qhia txog lub zog sib txawv; Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov geometry thiab qhov loj ntawm cov qauv thiab cov khoom siv sim kuj muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev, qee zaum txawm tias txiav txim siab. Piv txwv li, lub zog tensile ntawm cov hlau ultra-high-strength hauv huab cua hydrogen yuav poob exponentially.

Tsuas muaj ob txoj hauv kev los ua kom cov khoom siv hlau muaj zog. Ib qho yog ua kom lub zog sib txuas ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw ua ke ntau dua, ua kom nws lub zog theoretical ntau dua, thiab npaj cov siv lead ua tiav yam tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo, xws li cov whiskers. Paub tias lub zog ntawm cov hlau whiskers ze rau qhov nqi theoretical. Nws tuaj yeem xav tias qhov no yog vim tsis muaj qhov tawg hauv cov whiskers, lossis tsuas yog me me ntawm qhov tawg uas tsis tuaj yeem loj hlob thaum lub sijhawm deformation. Hmoov tsis zoo, thaum lub cheeb ntawm lub whisker loj dua, lub zog poob qis heev. Lwm txoj hauv kev ua kom muaj zog yog qhia ntau qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov siv lead ua rau hauv cov siv lead ua, xws li qhov tawg, qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus, cov atoms heterogeneous, cov ciam teb ntawm cov noob, cov khoom me me uas tawg ntau lossis cov tsis sib xws (xws li kev sib cais), thiab lwm yam. Cov qhov tsis zoo no cuam tshuam kev txav ntawm qhov tawg thiab tseem txhim kho lub zog ntawm cov hlau. Cov lus tseeb tau ua pov thawj tias qhov no yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los ua kom lub zog ntawm cov hlau muaj zog. Rau cov ntaub ntawv engineering, nws feem ntau yog los ntawm kev ua kom muaj zog kom ua tiav kev ua tau zoo dua.