Pharmaceutical Intermediates Industry Overview

Pharmaceutical intermediates
Cov tshuaj hu ua intermediates yog cov tshuaj raw khoom los yog cov khoom siv tshuaj uas yuav tsum tau siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem synthesis ntawm cov tshuaj. Cov khoom siv tshuaj no tuaj yeem tsim tawm hauv cov nroj tsuag tshuaj zoo tib yam yam tsis tau txais daim ntawv tso cai tsim tshuaj, thiab tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev sib xyaw thiab tsim cov tshuaj ntev li ntev tau raws li cov kev qhia ua tau raws li qee qhov yuav tsum tau ua. Txawm hais tias cov synthesis ntawm cov kws tshuaj kuj poob rau hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg, cov kev xav tau nruj dua li cov khoom siv tshuaj. Cov kws tsim tshuaj tiav thiab APIs yuav tsum lees txais GMP daim ntawv pov thawj, thaum cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm cov neeg nruab nrab tsis ua, vim tias cov intermediates tseem tsuas yog kev sib txuas thiab tsim cov khoom siv tshuaj, uas yog cov khoom siv yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab hauv qab hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj, thiab tsis tuaj yeem ua tau. hu ua tshuaj tsis tau, yog li lawv tsis xav tau GMP ntawv pov thawj, uas tseem txo qis qhov pib nkag rau cov tuam txhab nruab nrab.

Pharmaceutical intermediates kev lag luam
Cov tuam txhab tshuaj uas tsim thiab ua cov organic / inorganic intermediates lossis APIs rau cov tuam txhab tshuaj rau kev tsim cov khoom lag luam tiav los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg los yog cov khoom siv roj ntsha raws li cov qauv nruj. Ntawm no cov kws tshuaj intermediates muab faib ua ob sub-industries CMO thiab CRO.

CMO
Contract Manufacturing Organization yog hais txog lub koom haum tsim kev cog lus, uas txhais tau hais tias lub tuam txhab kws tshuaj outsources cov txheej txheem tsim khoom rau tus khub. Kev lag luam saw ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj CMO feem ntau pib nrog cov khoom siv tshuaj tshwj xeeb. Cov tuam txhab lag luam hauv kev lag luam yuav tsum tau muab cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg yooj yim thiab ua tiav rau hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj tshwj xeeb, uas tom qab ntawd ua tiav rau API pib cov ntaub ntawv, cGMP intermediates, APIs thiab formulations. Tam sim no, cov tuam txhab lag luam loj hauv ntau lub teb chaws zoo li tsim kev sib koom tes ntev nrog cov neeg muab khoom lag luam me me, thiab kev ciaj sia ntawm cov tuam txhab hauv kev lag luam no feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm lawv cov neeg koom tes.

CRO
Daim ntawv cog lus (Clinical) Kev Tshawb Fawb Lub Koom Haum yog hais txog lub koom haum tshawb fawb txog kev cog lus, qhov twg cov tuam txhab muag tshuaj outsource cov kev tshawb fawb tivthaiv rau tus khub. Tam sim no, kev lag luam feem ntau yog raws li kev tsim khoom, kev cai R & D thiab kev lag luam cog lus tshawb fawb thiab muag. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm hais tias cov khoom lag luam nruab nrab yog cov khoom lag luam tshiab lossis tsis yog, cov kev sib tw tseem ceeb ntawm lub tuam txhab tseem raug txiav txim los ntawm R & D thev naus laus zis ua thawj lub ntsiab lus, uas tau xav txog hauv lub tuam txhab cov neeg siv khoom qis lossis cov neeg koom tes.

Pharmaceutical khoom lag luam tus nqi saw
Duab
(Duab los ntawm Qilu Securities)

Kev lag luam saw ntawm kws tshuaj intermediates kev lag luam
Duab
(Duab los ntawm Tuam Tshoj Industry Information Network)

Pharmaceutical intermediates classification
Pharmaceutical intermediates tuaj yeem muab faib ua pawg loj raws li daim ntawv thov kev lag luam, xws li intermediates rau tshuaj tua kab mob, intermediates rau antipyretic thiab analgesic tshuaj, intermediates rau cardiovascular system tshuaj thiab tshuaj intermediates rau anti-cancer. Muaj ntau hom tshuaj intermediates, xws li imidazole, furan, phenolic intermediates, aromatic intermediates, pyrrole, pyridine, biochemical reagents, sulfur-muaj, nitrogen-muaj, halogen compounds, heterocyclic compounds, starch, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, lactose. , dextrin, ethylene glycol, qab zib hmoov, inorganic ntsev, ethanol intermediates, stearate, amino acids, ethanolamine, poov tshuaj ntsev, sodium ntsev thiab lwm yam intermediates, thiab lwm yam.
Txheej txheem cej luam ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam kws tshuaj intermediates hauv Suav teb
Raws li IMS Health Incorporated, txij li xyoo 2010 txog 2013, lub khw muag tshuaj thoob ntiaj teb tau tuav txoj kev loj hlob tsis tu ncua, txij li US $ 793.6 nphom hauv 2010 txog US $ 899.3 billion hauv 2013, nrog rau kev lag luam kws tshuaj qhia kev loj hlob sai los ntawm 2014, feem ntau yog los ntawm Asmeskas kev lag luam. . Nrog CAGR ntawm 6.14% los ntawm 2010-2015, lub khw muag tshuaj thoob ntiaj teb xav tias yuav nkag mus rau qhov kev loj hlob qeeb los ntawm 2015-2019. Txawm li cas los xij, vim tias cov tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv qhov kev thov nruj, kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam yuav tsum muaj zog heev nyob rau yav tom ntej, nrog rau lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam rau cov tshuaj nce mus txog US $ 1.22 trillion los ntawm 2019.
Duab
(Duab los ntawm IMS Health Incorporated)
Tam sim no, nrog rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam ntawm cov tuam txhab tshuaj multinational loj, kev hloov pauv ntawm ntau lub teb chaws ntau lawm thiab kev ua kom zoo ntxiv ntawm kev faib ua haujlwm thoob ntiaj teb, Tuam Tshoj tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv nruab nrab ntau lawm hauv ntiaj teb kev faib ua haujlwm hauv kev lag luam kws tshuaj. Tuam Tshoj tus kws tshuaj intermediates kev lag luam tau tsim ib tug kuj ua tiav system los ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob mus rau ntau lawm thiab muag khoom. Los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kws tshuaj intermediates nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, Tuam Tshoj tus txheej txheem tag nrho cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis tseem tsis tshua muaj, ntau tus kws kho mob qib siab thiab patent tshiab cov tshuaj txhawb kev lag luam intermediates yog me me, yog nyob rau theem kev txhim kho ntawm cov khoom tsim kho kom zoo thiab kho dua tshiab. .
Cov nqi tsim tawm ntawm cov tshuaj kws tshuaj intermediates kev lag luam hauv Suav teb los ntawm 2011 txog 2015
Duab
(Duab los ntawm Tuam Tshoj Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam Tshawb Fawb Lub Tsev Haujlwm)
Thaum lub sij hawm 2011-2015, Tuam Tshoj cov tshuaj kws tshuaj intermediates kev lag luam tso zis ntau xyoo los ntawm lub xyoo, nyob rau hauv 2013, Tuam Tshoj cov tshuaj intermediates tso zis yog 568,300 tons, exported 65,700 tons, los ntawm 2015 Tuam Tshoj cov tshuaj intermediates cov zis yog hais txog 40 676 tons.
2011-2015 Tuam Tshoj tshuaj tshuaj intermediates kev lag luam ntau lawm txheeb cais
Duab
(Duab los ntawm Tuam Tshoj Merchant Industry Research Institute)
Kev muab cov tshuaj intermediates hauv Suav teb yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov xav tau, thiab kev vam khom rau kev xa tawm yog maj mam nce. Txawm li cas los xij, Tuam Tshoj cov khoom xa tawm feem ntau yog tsom rau hauv cov khoom lag luam loj xws li vitamin C, penicillin, acetaminophen, citric acid thiab nws cov ntsev thiab esters, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom lag luam loj loj, ntau cov tuam txhab tsim khoom, kev sib tw ua lag luam hnyav, cov khoom lag luam qis thiab ntxiv tus nqi, thiab lawv cov khoom loj tau ua rau qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom siv ntau tshaj qhov xav tau hauv kev lag luam kws tshuaj hauv tsev. Cov khoom lag luam nrog cov ntsiab lus thev naus laus zis tseem tseem vam khom rau ntshuam.
Rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov tshuaj amino acid intermediates, feem ntau ntawm domestic ntau lawm tuam txhab uas muag muaj ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov khoom thiab unstable zoo, feem ntau yog rau txawv teb chaws biopharmaceutical tuam txhab uas muag los customize cov khoom ntawm cov khoom. Tsuas yog qee lub tuam txhab uas muaj kev tshawb fawb thiab kev txhim kho muaj zog, cov chaw tsim khoom siab heev thiab kev paub txog kev tsim khoom loj tuaj yeem tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev sib tw.
Kev soj ntsuam ntawm Tuam Tshoj tus kws tshuaj intermediates kev lag luam

1, kws tshuaj intermediates kev lag luam kev cai ntau lawm txheej txheem
Ua ntej, los koom nrog cov neeg siv khoom tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim cov tshuaj tshiab theem, uas yuav tsum muaj lub tuam txhab R & D chaw muaj peev xwm tsim kho tshiab.
Thib ob, rau cov neeg siv khoom tsim cov khoom lag luam amplification, kom ua tau raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim khoom loj, uas yuav tsum muaj lub tuam txhab engineering amplification muaj peev xwm ntawm cov khoom thiab lub peev xwm ntawm kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv ntawm cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis nyob rau theem tom ntej, yog li ntawd. ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom lag luam nplai, tsis tu ncua txo tus nqi tsim khoom thiab txhim khu kev sib tw ntawm cov khoom.
Thirdly, nws yog txhawm rau zom thiab txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv theem ntawm cov khoom loj ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, kom ua tau raws li cov qauv zoo ntawm cov tuam txhab txawv teb chaws.

2. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Tuam Tshoj tus kws tshuaj intermediates kev lag luam
Kev tsim cov tshuaj yuav tsum muaj ntau yam tshuaj tshwj xeeb, feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm kev lag luam kws tshuaj nws tus kheej, tab sis nrog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev sib faib ua haujlwm thiab kev nce qib ntawm cov thev naus laus zis ntau lawm, kev lag luam kws tshuaj tau hloov qee cov tshuaj intermediates rau cov lag luam tshuaj. rau kev tsim khoom. Pharmaceutical intermediates yog cov khoom siv tshuaj zoo, thiab kev tsim cov tshuaj intermediates tau dhau los ua kev lag luam loj hauv kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg thoob ntiaj teb. Tam sim no, Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam kws tshuaj xav tau txog 2,000 hom tshuaj raw khoom thiab cov khoom nruab nrab txhua xyoo, nrog rau kev thov ntau dua 2.5 lab tons. Raws li kev xa tawm ntawm cov tshuaj intermediates tsis zoo li kev xa tawm ntawm cov tshuaj yuav raug rau ntau yam kev txwv nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws txawv teb chaws, nrog rau lub ntiaj teb kev tsim tshuaj intermediates rau cov teb chaws tsim, tam sim no suav tshuaj ntau lawm xav tau tshuaj raw cov ntaub ntawv thiab intermediates yuav yeej match , tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau import. Thiab vim yog Tuam Tshoj cov peev txheej ntau, cov khoom siv raw cov nqi qis, muaj ntau cov tshuaj intermediates kuj ua tiav cov khoom xa tawm ntau.

Tam sim no, Tuam Tshoj xav tau tshuaj txhawb cov khoom siv raw thiab cov khoom nruab nrab ntawm ntau tshaj 2500 hom, qhov kev thov txhua xyoo tau mus txog 11.35 lab tons. Tom qab ntau tshaj 30 xyoo ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, Tuam Tshoj tus kws tshuaj ntau lawm xav tau cov tshuaj raw cov ntaub ntawv thiab intermediates yeej muaj peev xwm ua kom haum. Kev tsim cov tshuaj intermediates hauv Suav teb feem ntau yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj tua kab mob.

Thoob plaws hauv kev lag luam, Tuam Tshoj cov tshuaj intermediates kev lag luam muaj rau tus yam ntxwv: Ua ntej, feem ntau ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam yog cov lag luam ntiag tug, kev ua haujlwm yooj yim, cov peev txheej tsis loj, feem ntau ntawm ntau lab mus rau ib lossis ob txhiab lab yuan; Thib ob, thaj chaw faib khoom lag luam yog qhov tseem ceeb, feem ntau hauv Taizhou, Zhejiang Province thiab Jintan, Jiangsu Province ua lub hauv paus; Thib peb, nrog rau lub teb chaws txoj kev mloog zoo rau kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, lub siab ntawm kev lag luam los tsim kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig kev kho mob yog nce Fourthly, cov khoom rov qab ceev ceev, thiab cov nyiaj tau los yuav poob qis heev tom qab 3 mus rau 5 xyoo hauv kev ua lag luam, yuam cov lag luam tsim cov khoom tshiab lossis txhim kho cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv kom tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau dua; Fifthly, txij li cov nyiaj tau los ntawm cov tshuaj intermediates yog siab dua li ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj, thiab cov txheej txheem ntau lawm yog tib yam, ntau thiab ntau cov tuam txhab tshuaj me me koom nrog cov qib ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj intermediates, uas ua rau muaj kev sib tw hnyav hauv kev lag luam thib rau. , piv nrog API, cov nyiaj tau los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom nruab nrab yog tsawg, thiab cov txheej txheem tsim cov API thiab cov tshuaj intermediates zoo sib xws, yog li qee lub tuam txhab tsis tsuas yog tsim cov khoom nruab nrab xwb, tab sis kuj siv lawv tus kheej zoo los pib tsim API. Cov kws tshaj lij tau taw qhia tias kev tsim cov tshuaj intermediates rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm API txoj kev loj hlob yog ib qho kev inevitable. Txawm li cas los xij, vim yog kev siv ib leeg ntawm API, los ntawm cov tuam txhab tshuaj muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo, cov lag luam hauv tsev feem ntau tsim cov khoom lag luam tab sis tsis muaj cov neeg siv ntawm qhov tshwm sim. Yog li ntawd, cov tuam txhab lag luam yuav tsum tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov khoom lag luam mus sij hawm ntev, txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau tias kev muag khoom zoo.

3, kev lag luam nkag barriers
① Cov neeg siv khoom teeb meem
Kev lag luam kws tshuaj yog monopolized los ntawm ob peb lub tuam txhab tshuaj multinational. Cov kws kho mob oligarchs tau ceev faj heev hauv lawv cov kev xaiv ntawm outsourcing cov chaw muab kev pabcuam thiab feem ntau muaj lub sijhawm tshuaj xyuas ntev rau cov neeg xa khoom tshiab. Cov tuam txhab tshuaj CMO yuav tsum tau ua kom tau raws li cov qauv kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov neeg siv khoom sib txawv, thiab yuav tsum tau ua raws li kev soj ntsuam tas li ua ntej lawv tuaj yeem tau txais kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov neeg siv khoom qis, thiab tom qab ntawd dhau los ua lawv cov khoom tseem ceeb.
②Technical barriers
Lub peev xwm los muab cov kev pabcuam thev naus laus zis muaj txiaj ntsig ntxiv yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub tuam txhab kev pabcuam kws kho mob outsourcing. Cov tuam txhab muag tshuaj CMO yuav tsum tau ua txhaum los ntawm cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb lossis kev thaiv hauv lawv txoj kev qub thiab muab cov txheej txheem tshuaj kho kom zoo kom txo tau cov nqi tsim tshuaj. Yog tsis muaj lub sij hawm ntev, kev nqis peev siab hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho thiab kev siv thev naus laus zis, nws nyuaj rau cov tuam txhab sab nraud kom nkag mus rau kev lag luam tiag tiag.
③ Kev txawj ntse teeb meem
Nws yog qhov nyuaj rau cov tuam txhab CMO los tsim kom muaj kev sib tw R & D thiab pab pawg tsim khoom hauv lub sijhawm luv luv los tsim kom muaj cGMP-ua raws li tus qauv kev lag luam.
④ Kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm zoo
FDA thiab lwm lub koom haum tswj hwm tshuaj tau dhau los ua nruj me ntsis hauv lawv cov kev tswj hwm zoo, thiab cov khoom lag luam uas tsis dhau qhov kev tshuaj xyuas tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv kev lag luam ntawm cov teb chaws txawv teb chaws.
⑤ Kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig
Cov tuam txhab lag luam uas muaj cov txheej txheem tsis tu ncua yuav dais cov nqi tswj cov pa phem thiab kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm, thiab cov tuam txhab tshuaj ib txwm siv uas feem ntau tsim cov pa phem, kev siv hluav taws xob ntau thiab cov khoom muaj nqis ntxiv (xws li penicillin, vitamins, thiab lwm yam) yuav ntsib kev tshem tawm sai. Ua raws li cov txheej txheem kev tsim kho tshiab thiab tsim cov tshuaj ntsuab ntsuab tau dhau los ua kev txhim kho yav tom ntej ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj CMO.

4. Cov kws tshuaj hauv tsev nruab nrab tau teev npe ua lag luam
Los ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm cov saw hlau kev lag luam, 6 lub tuam txhab teev npe ntawm cov tshuaj zoo tsim cov tshuaj intermediates yog tag nrho ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov saw hlau kev lag luam. Txawm hais tias tus kws tshaj lij outsourcing muab kev pabcuam lossis rau API thiab kev tsim kho ntxiv, kev siv zog yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsav tsheb.
Hais txog lub zog thev naus laus zis, cov tuam txhab nrog cov cuab yeej thev naus laus zis nyob rau theem thoob ntiaj teb, muaj zog cia ruaj khov thiab kev nqis peev siab hauv R & D tau nyiam.
Pawg I: Lianhua Technology thiab Arbonne Chemical. Lianhua Technology muaj yim lub thev naus laus zis xws li ammonia oxidation thiab fluorination raws li nws cov thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis, ntawm cov hydrogen oxidation yog nyob rau theem thoob ntiaj teb. Abenomics yog tus thawj coj thoob ntiaj teb hauv chiral tshuaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv nws cov tshuaj sib cais thiab racemization technologies, thiab muaj R & D peev ntau tshaj plaws, suav txog 6.4% ntawm cov nyiaj tau los.
Pawg II: Wanchang Technology thiab Yongtai Technology. Wanchang Technology txoj kev pov tseg roj hydrocyanic acid yog tus nqi qis tshaj thiab cov txheej txheem siab tshaj plaws rau kev tsim cov prototrizoic acid esters. Yongtai Technology, ntawm qhov tod tes, paub txog nws cov tshuaj fluorine zoo.
Pawg III: Tianma Fine Chemical thiab Bikang (yav tas los hu ua Jiuzhang).
Kev sib piv ntawm kev siv zog ntawm cov tuam txhab teev npe
Duab
Kev sib piv ntawm cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov qauv kev lag luam ntawm cov tuam txhab muag tshuaj intermediates
Duab
Kev sib piv ntawm qhov kev thov qis qis thiab patent lub neej voj voog ntawm cov tuam txhab teev npe cov khoom
Duab
Kev txheeb xyuas cov khoom sib tw ntawm cov tuam txhab teev npe
Duab
Txoj kev mus rau kev txhim kho cov tshuaj lom neeg zoo intermediates
Duab
(Duab thiab cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Qilu Securities)
Kev loj hlob zeem muag ntawm Tuam Tshoj tus kws tshuaj intermediates kev lag luam
Raws li kev lag luam tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg zoo, kev tsim tshuaj tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho thiab kev sib tw hauv 10 xyoo dhau los, nrog rau kev nce qib ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, ntau cov tshuaj tau tsim tsis tu ncua rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm noob neej, kev sib xyaw ua ke. ntawm cov tshuaj no nyob ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj tshiab, zoo intermediates, yog li cov tshuaj tshiab muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm patents, thaum lub intermediates nrog lawv tsis muaj teeb meem, yog li cov tshuaj intermediates tshiab nyob rau hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws lub lag luam kev loj hlob qhov chaw thiab daim ntawv thov prospect. zoo siab heev.
Duab

Tam sim no, txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tshuaj intermediates feem ntau yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov synthesis ntawm heterocyclic compounds, fluorine-muaj compounds, chiral compounds, biological compounds, thiab lwm yam. Tseem muaj qee qhov sib txawv ntawm kev txhim kho cov tshuaj intermediates thiab cov kev cai ntawm kev lag luam kws tshuaj. hauv Suav teb. Qee cov khoom lag luam nrog cov kev cai siab tshaj plaws tsis tuaj yeem raug teeb tsa rau kev tsim khoom hauv Suav teb thiab cia siab rau kev xa khoom, xws li anhydrous piperazine, propionic acid, thiab lwm yam. tus nqi thiab qhov zoo tsis yog raws li tus qauv, uas cuam tshuam rau kev sib tw ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj thiab yuav tsum tau txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntau lawm, xws li TMB, p-aminophenol, D-PHPG, thiab lwm yam.
Nws xav tias nyob rau ob peb xyoos tom ntej no, lub ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb tshuaj tshiab yuav tsom mus rau 10 hom tshuaj hauv qab no: tshuaj kho lub hlwb txhim kho, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rheumatoid, tshuaj tiv thaiv AIDS, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob siab thiab lwm yam tshuaj tua kab mob, lipid. -txo cov tshuaj, tshuaj tiv thaiv thrombotic, tshuaj tiv thaiv qog nqaij hlav, platelet-activating factor antagonists, glycoside cardiac stimulants, antidepressants, anti-psychotic and anti-anxiety drug, etc.. Rau cov tshuaj no los tsim lawv cov intermediates yog cov kev taw qhia yav tom ntej. txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshuaj intermediates thiab ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb los nthuav tawm qhov chaw lag luam tshiab.