Acid dyes, direct dyes thiab reactive dyes yog tag nrho cov dej-soluble dyes. Cov zis hauv xyoo 2001 yog 30,000 tons, 20,000 tons thiab 45,000 tons, feem. Txawm li cas los xij, tau ntev, kuv lub teb chaws cov tuam txhab dyestuff tau them nyiaj ntau dua rau kev txhim kho thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov txheej txheem dyes tshiab, thaum kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua tiav ntawm cov dyes tau tsis muaj zog. Feem ntau siv standardization reagents rau dej-soluble dyes muaj xws li sodium sulfate (sodium sulfate), dextrin, starch derivatives, sucrose, urea, naphthalene formaldehyde sulfonate, thiab lwm yam. tab sis lawv tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov txheej txheem luam ntawv thiab dyeing sib txawv hauv kev lag luam luam ntawv thiab dyeing. Txawm hais tias cov dye diluents uas tau hais los saum toj no yog tus nqi qis, lawv muaj cov dej tsis zoo thiab cov dej solubility, ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev hloov mus rau cov kev xav tau ntawm kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb thiab tsuas yog xa tawm raws li cov xim qub. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam ntawm cov dej-soluble dyes, lub wettability thiab dej solubility ntawm cov dyes yog cov teeb meem uas yuav tsum tau daws sai sai, thiab cov additives yuav tsum tau cia siab rau.

Dye wettability kho
Kev hais lus dav dav, kev ntub dej yog hloov cov kua dej (yuav tsum yog roj) ntawm qhov chaw los ntawm lwm cov kua. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, cov hmoov los yog granular interface yuav tsum yog cov roj / khoom sib txuas, thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm ntub dej yog thaum cov kua (dej) hloov cov roj ntawm cov khoom. Nws tuaj yeem pom tias ntub dej yog txheej txheem ntawm lub cev ntawm cov khoom ntawm qhov chaw. Hauv dye tom qab kho, ntub dej feem ntau plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Feem ntau, cov xim yog ua tiav rau hauv lub xeev, xws li hmoov lossis granule, uas yuav tsum tau ntub dej thaum siv. Yog li ntawd, lub wettability ntawm cov xim yuav ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau daim ntawv thov nyhuv. Piv txwv li, thaum lub sij hawm dissolution txheej txheem, cov zas xim yog nyuaj rau ntub thiab ntab rau hauv dej yog undesirable. Nrog rau kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm cov xim zoo nkauj niaj hnub no, kev ua haujlwm ntub dej tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov ntsuas ntsuas qhov zoo ntawm cov dyes. Lub zog saum npoo ntawm dej yog 72.75mN / m ntawm 20 ℃, uas txo qis nrog qhov nce ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, thaum lub zog saum npoo ntawm cov khib nyiab tsis hloov pauv, feem ntau qis dua 100mN / m. Feem ntau cov hlau thiab lawv cov oxides, inorganic ntsev, thiab lwm yam yog ib qho yooj yim rau ntub ntub dej, hu ua lub zog saum npoo. Lub zog saum npoo ntawm cov khoom organic thiab polymers yog piv rau cov kua dej dav dav, uas yog hu ua lub zog qis, tab sis nws hloov nrog cov khoom me me thiab qib ntawm porosity. Qhov me me ntawm qhov me me, qhov ntau dua qhov kev tsim ntxeem tau, thiab qhov saum npoo Qhov siab dua lub zog, qhov loj yog nyob ntawm cov substrate. Yog li ntawd, qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov xim yuav tsum yog me me. Tom qab cov xim yog ua tiav los ntawm kev ua lag luam xws li salting tawm thiab sib tsoo hauv cov xov xwm sib txawv, qhov loj me ntawm cov xim yuav zoo dua, lub crystallinity yog txo, thiab cov theem siv lead ua hloov, uas txhim kho lub zog saum npoo ntawm cov dye thiab yooj yim wetting.

Solubility kho ntawm acid dyes
Nrog rau kev siv me me da dej piv thiab dyeing thev naus laus zis tas li, qib ntawm automation hauv kev luam ntawv thiab dyeing tau raug txhim kho tas li. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm tsis siv neeg muab tshuaj thiab pastes, thiab kev qhia txog cov kua dyes yuav tsum tau npaj cov high-concentration thiab high-stability dye cawv thiab luam ntawv pastes. Txawm li cas los xij, solubility ntawm acidic, reactive thiab ncaj dyes nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv dyeing tsuas yog hais txog 100g / L, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov kua qaub dyes. Qee hom txawm tias tsuas yog 20g / L. Lub solubility ntawm cov xim muaj feem xyuam rau cov qauv molecular ntawm cov xim. Qhov siab dua qhov hnyav molecular thiab tsawg sulfonic acid pawg, qhov solubility qis dua; txwv tsis pub, siab dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev lag luam ua cov dyes tseem ceeb heev, nrog rau txoj kev crystallization ntawm cov dye, qib ntawm kev sib tsoo, qhov loj me, ntxiv cov additives, thiab lwm yam, uas yuav cuam tshuam rau solubility ntawm cov xim. Qhov yooj yim ntawm cov xim yog ionize, qhov siab dua nws cov solubility hauv dej. Txawm li cas los xij, kev lag luam thiab kev tsim qauv ntawm cov tshuaj pleev ib ce yog ua raws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau, xws li sodium sulfate thiab ntsev. Ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm Na + hauv dej txo cov solubility ntawm cov xim nyob rau hauv dej. Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau txhim kho cov solubility ntawm cov dej-soluble dyes, ua ntej tsis ntxiv electrolyte rau cov khoom lag luam dyes.

Additives thiab solubility
⑴ Alcohol compound thiab urea cosolvent
Vim tias cov dej-soluble dyes muaj qee tus naj npawb ntawm sulfonic acid pawg thiab carboxylic acid pawg, cov dyes tau yooj yim dissociated nyob rau hauv aqueous tov thiab nqa ib tug npaum li cas ntawm cov nqi tsis zoo. Thaum lub co-solvent uas muaj cov hydrogen bond tsim pab pawg neeg ntxiv, ib tug tiv thaiv txheej ntawm hydrated ions yog tsim nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov xim ions, uas txhawb lub ionization thiab dissolution ntawm cov xim molecules los txhim kho cov solubility. Polyols xws li diethylene glycol ether, thiodiethanol, polyethylene glycol, thiab lwm yam feem ntau yog siv los ua cov kuab tshuaj rau cov dej-soluble dyes. Vim tias lawv tuaj yeem tsim ib daim ntawv cog lus hydrogen nrog cov xim, qhov saum npoo ntawm cov dye ion tsim ib txheej tiv thaiv ntawm hydrated ions, uas tiv thaiv kev sib sau thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov xim molecules, thiab txhawb cov ionization thiab dissociation ntawm cov xim.
⑵Non-ionic surfactant
Ntxiv qee yam uas tsis yog-ionic surfactant rau cov xim tuaj yeem ua rau lub zog khi ntawm cov dye molecules thiab nruab nrab ntawm cov molecules, nrawm ionization, thiab ua rau cov xim molecules tsim micelles hauv dej, uas muaj qhov zoo dispersibility. Polar dyes tsim micelles. Lub solubilizing molecules tsim ib lub network ntawm compatibilization ntawm cov molecules los txhim kho cov solubility, xws li polyoxyethylene ether los yog ester. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias cov co-solvent molecule tsis muaj cov pab pawg muaj zog hydrophobic, cov nyhuv dispersion thiab solubilization ntawm micelle tsim los ntawm cov xim yuav tsis muaj zog, thiab solubility yuav tsis nce ntau. Yog li ntawd, sim xaiv cov kuab tshuaj uas muaj cov nplhaib uas muaj ntxhiab uas tuaj yeem tsim hydrophobic bonds nrog dyes. Piv txwv li, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester emulsifier, thiab lwm yam xws li polyalkylphenylphenol polyoxyethylene ether.
⑶ lignosulfonate dispersant
dispersant muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev solubility ntawm cov xim. Xaiv ib qho zoo dispersant raws li cov qauv ntawm cov xim yuav pab tau zoo heev los txhim kho cov solubility ntawm cov xim. Hauv dej-soluble dyes, nws ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tiv thaiv kev sib nrig sib adsorption (van der Waals quab yuam) thiab sib sau ua ke ntawm cov xim molecules. Lignosulfonate yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob zoo tshaj plaws, thiab muaj kev tshawb fawb txog qhov no hauv Suav teb.
Cov qauv molecular ntawm disperse dyes tsis muaj cov pab pawg muaj zog hydrophilic, tab sis tsuas yog pawg tsis muaj zog polar, yog li nws tsuas muaj tsis muaj zog hydrophilicity, thiab qhov tseeb solubility tsawg heev. Feem ntau disperse dyes tsuas yog yaj hauv dej ntawm 25 ℃. 1 ~ 10mg / L.
Lub solubility ntawm disperse dyes muaj feem xyuam nrog cov hauv qab no:
Molecular Structure
"Lub solubility ntawm disperse dyes nyob rau hauv dej nce raws li qhov hydrophobic ib feem ntawm cov dye molecule txo thiab cov hydrophilic ib feem (qhov zoo thiab kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm polar pawg) nce. Uas yog hais, solubility ntawm dyes nrog me me txheeb ze molecular loj thiab ntau zog polar pawg xws li -OH thiab -NH2 yuav siab dua. Dyes nrog loj dua tus txheeb ze molecular mass thiab tsawg zog polar pawg muaj tsawg solubility. Piv txwv li, Disperse Liab (I), nws M = 321, solubility tsawg dua 0.1mg / L ntawm 25 ℃, thiab solubility yog 1.2mg / L ntawm 80 ℃. Disperse Liab (II), M = 352, solubility ntawm 25 ℃ yog 7.1mg / L, thiab solubility ntawm 80 ℃ yog 240mg / L.
Dispersant
Nyob rau hauv hmoov disperse dyes, cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntshiab dyes yog feem ntau 40% mus rau 60%, thiab tus so yog dispersants, dustproof agents, tiv thaiv cov neeg sawv cev, sodium sulfate, thiab lwm yam.
Cov dispersant (tus neeg sawv cev diffusion) tuaj yeem pleev xim cov hmoov nplej zoo ntawm cov xim rau hauv hydrophilic colloidal hais thiab disperse nws ruaj khov hauv dej. Tom qab qhov tseem ceeb micelle concentration dhau lawm, micelles tseem yuav tsim, uas yuav txo tau ib feem ntawm cov xim me me siv lead ua nplej. Dissolved nyob rau hauv micelles, lub thiaj li hu ua "solubilization" tshwm sim tshwm sim, yog li nce lub solubility ntawm cov xim. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov zoo dua qhov zoo ntawm dispersant thiab siab dua qhov concentration, ntau dua solubilization thiab solubilization nyhuv.
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov nyhuv solubilization ntawm dispersant ntawm disperse dyes ntawm cov qauv sib txawv yog txawv, thiab qhov sib txawv yog loj heev; Lub solubilization nyhuv ntawm dispersant ntawm disperse dyes txo nrog qhov nce ntawm dej kub, uas yog raws nraim tib yam li cov nyhuv ntawm dej kub ntawm disperse dyes. Cov nyhuv ntawm solubility yog opposite.
Tom qab hydrophobic crystal hais ntawm disperse dye thiab dispersant daim ntawv hydrophilic colloidal hais, nws dispersion stability yuav ho txhim kho. Ntxiv mus, cov dye colloidal hais ua lub luag hauj lwm ntawm "muab" dyes thaum lub sij hawm dyeing txheej txheem. Vim tias tom qab cov xim molecules nyob rau hauv lub xeev yaj yog absorbed los ntawm fiber, cov dye "sau" nyob rau hauv lub colloidal hais yuav raug tso tawm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm los tuav lub dissolution tshuav nyiaj li cas ntawm cov xim.
Lub xeev ntawm disperse dye nyob rau hauv lub dispersion
1-Dispersant molecule
2-Dye crystallite (solubilization)
3- dispersant micelle
4-Dye ib qho molecule (solved)
5-Dye nplej
6-dispersant lipophilic puag
7-dispersant hydrophilic puag
8-sodium ion (Na +)
9-Aggregates ntawm dye crystallites
Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias "kev sib koom ua ke" ntawm cov dyeing thiab dispersant loj heev, "supply" ntawm dye ib molecule yuav lag tom qab los yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm "supply tshaj qhov xav tau". Yog li ntawd, nws yuav ncaj qha txo tus nqi dyeing thiab sib npaug qhov feem pua ​​​​dyeing, uas ua rau qeeb dyeing thiab lub teeb xim.
Nws tuaj yeem pom tias thaum xaiv thiab siv cov tshuaj dispersants, tsis yog tsuas yog qhov kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov dyeing yuav tsum raug txiav txim siab, tab sis kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau cov xim ntawm cov xim.
(3) Dyeing tov kub
Lub solubility ntawm disperse dyes nyob rau hauv dej nce nrog qhov nce ntawm dej kub. Piv txwv li, qhov solubility ntawm Disperse Yellow nyob rau hauv 80 ° C dej yog 18 npaug ntawm 25 ° C. Lub solubility ntawm Disperse Liab nyob rau hauv 80 ° C dej yog 33 zaug ntawm 25 ° C. Lub solubility ntawm Disperse Blue nyob rau hauv 80 ° C dej yog 37 zaus ntawm 25 ° C. Yog tias cov dej kub tshaj 100 ° C, solubility ntawm disperse dyes yuav nce ntxiv.
Ntawm no yog ib qho kev ceeb toom tshwj xeeb: cov khoom tawg ntawm cov khoom tawg no yuav ua rau muaj kev phom sij zais rau kev siv tswv yim. Piv txwv li, thaum lub dye cawv yog rhuab tsis sib xws, cov dye cawv nrog kub kub ntws mus rau qhov chaw uas qhov kub thiab txias. Raws li cov dej kub txo qis, cov dye cawv ua supersaturated, thiab cov dye yaj yuav precipitate, ua rau kev loj hlob ntawm dye crystal grains thiab txo solubility. , Ua rau txo cov dye uptake.
(plaub) dye crystal form
Qee qhov disperse dyes muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm "isomorphism". Ntawd yog, tib lub disperse dye, vim qhov sib txawv dispersion thev naus laus zis hauv kev tsim khoom, yuav tsim ntau hom siv lead ua, xws li koob, rods, flakes, granules, thiab blocks. Hauv daim ntawv thov, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum dyeing ntawm 130 ° C, daim ntawv siv lead ua tsis ruaj khov dua yuav hloov mus rau daim ntawv siv lead ua ruaj khov.
Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias daim ntawv siv lead ua ruaj khov muaj ntau dua solubility, thiab cov ntawv siv lead ua tsis tshua muaj zog muaj cov solubility tsawg dua. Qhov no yuav cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau tus nqi dye uptake thiab dye uptake feem pua.
(5) Particle loj
Feem ntau, dyes nrog cov khoom me me muaj cov solubility siab thiab zoo dispersion stability. Dyes nrog cov khoom loj muaj cov solubility qis dua thiab tsis zoo dispersion stability.
Tam sim no, qhov loj me ntawm cov khoom tawg hauv tsev feem ntau yog 0.5 ~ 2.0μm (Ceeb Toom: qhov loj me ntawm dip dyeing yuav tsum 0.5 ~ 1.0μm).