Cov xim pleev xim acid, cov xim pleev xim ncaj qha thiab cov xim pleev xim reactive yog cov xim pleev xim uas yaj tau hauv dej. Cov zis hauv xyoo 2001 yog 30,000 tons, 20,000 tons thiab 45,000 tons, raws li. Txawm li cas los xij, tau ntev, kuv lub teb chaws cov lag luam pleev xim tau them sai sai rau kev tsim kho thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov xim pleev xim tshiab, thaum kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua tiav cov xim pleev xim tau tsis muaj zog. Cov tshuaj reagents standardization feem ntau siv rau cov xim pleev xim uas yaj tau hauv dej suav nrog sodium sulfate (sodium sulfate), dextrin, starch derivatives, sucrose, urea, naphthalene formaldehyde sulfonate, thiab lwm yam. Cov tshuaj reagents standardization no tau sib xyaw nrog cov xim pleev xim qub kom tau txais cov khoom muaj zog xav tau, tab sis lawv tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov txheej txheem luam ntawv thiab zas xim sib txawv hauv kev lag luam luam ntawv thiab zas xim. Txawm hais tias cov tshuaj diluents saum toj no tsis tshua muaj nqi, lawv muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev ntub dej thiab kev yaj hauv dej, ua rau nws nyuaj rau hloov kho rau qhov xav tau ntawm kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb thiab tsuas yog tuaj yeem xa tawm ua cov xim pleev xim qub. Yog li ntawd, hauv kev lag luam ntawm cov xim yaj hauv dej, qhov ntub dej thiab cov dej yaj ntawm cov xim yog cov teeb meem uas yuav tsum tau daws sai sai, thiab cov khoom ntxiv sib xws yuav tsum tau cia siab rau.

Kev kho kom cov xim ntub dej
Feem ntau hais lus, kev ntub dej yog kev hloov cov kua (yuav tsum yog roj) ntawm qhov chaw los ntawm lwm cov kua. Tshwj xeeb, qhov sib txuas ntawm hmoov lossis granular yuav tsum yog roj / khoom sib txuas, thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ntub dej yog thaum kua (dej) hloov cov roj ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom me me. Nws tuaj yeem pom tias kev ntub dej yog ib qho txheej txheem lub cev ntawm cov khoom ntawm qhov chaw. Hauv kev kho xim tom qab, kev ntub dej feem ntau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Feem ntau, cov xim raug ua tiav rau hauv lub xeev khov, xws li hmoov lossis granule, uas yuav tsum tau ntub dej thaum siv. Yog li ntawd, qhov ntub dej ntawm cov xim yuav cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm daim ntawv thov. Piv txwv li, thaum lub sijhawm yaj, cov xim nyuaj rau ntub thiab ntab ntawm dej yog qhov tsis xav tau. Nrog rau kev txhim kho tas mus li ntawm cov kev xav tau zoo ntawm cov xim niaj hnub no, kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev ntub dej tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov cim qhia los ntsuas qhov zoo ntawm cov xim. Lub zog ntawm dej yog 72.75mN / m ntawm 20 ℃, uas txo qis nrog qhov nce ntawm qhov kub, thaum lub zog ntawm cov khoom khov tsis hloov pauv, feem ntau qis dua 100mN / m. Feem ntau cov hlau thiab lawv cov oxides, inorganic ntsev, thiab lwm yam yooj yim ntub dej, hu ua lub zog siab ntawm qhov chaw. Lub zog ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov organic khoom thiab polymers yog sib piv rau cov kua dav dav, uas hu ua lub zog qis ntawm qhov chaw, tab sis nws hloov pauv nrog qhov loj me ntawm cov khoom khov thiab qib ntawm porosity. Qhov me dua qhov loj me ntawm cov khoom me me, qhov ntau dua ntawm qhov tsim porous, thiab qhov chaw siab dua lub zog, qhov loj me nyob ntawm lub substrate. Yog li ntawd, qhov loj me ntawm cov xim zas yuav tsum me me. Tom qab cov xim zas raug ua tiav los ntawm kev ua lag luam xws li salting tawm thiab sib tsoo hauv cov xov xwm sib txawv, qhov loj me ntawm cov xim zas ua finer, qhov crystallinity txo qis, thiab cov theem siv lead ua hloov pauv, uas txhim kho lub zog ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov xim zas thiab pab txhawb kev ntub dej.

Kev kho kom yaj tau ntawm cov xim kua qaub
Nrog kev siv cov piv txwv da dej me me thiab thev naus laus zis zas xim tas mus li, qib ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis siv neeg hauv kev luam ntawv thiab zas xim tau txhim kho tas mus li. Kev tshwm sim ntawm cov khoom sau thiab cov nplaum tsis siv neeg, thiab kev qhia txog cov kua zas xim xav tau kev npaj cov kua zas xim siab thiab ruaj khov thiab cov nplaum luam ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov solubility ntawm cov kua qaub, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab cov xim ncaj qha hauv cov khoom zas xim hauv tsev tsuas yog li 100g / L, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov kua zas xim. Qee hom tsuas yog li 20g / L. Qhov solubility ntawm cov xim yog cuam tshuam nrog cov qauv molecular ntawm cov xim. Qhov siab dua qhov hnyav molecular thiab cov pab pawg sulfonic acid tsawg dua, qhov solubility qis dua; txwv tsis pub, qhov siab dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev ua lag luam ntawm cov xim yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, suav nrog txoj kev crystallization ntawm cov xim, qib ntawm kev sib tsoo, qhov loj me ntawm cov khoom me me, ntxiv cov khoom ntxiv, thiab lwm yam, uas yuav cuam tshuam rau qhov solubility ntawm cov xim. Qhov yooj yim dua cov xim yog ionize, qhov siab dua nws cov solubility hauv dej. Txawm li cas los xij, kev lag luam thiab kev ua kom cov xim ib txwm muaj raws li ntau cov electrolytes, xws li sodium sulfate thiab ntsev. Kev siv Na + ntau hauv dej ua rau cov xim yaj hauv dej tsawg dua. Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau txhim kho kev yaj ntawm cov xim yaj hauv dej, ua ntej tsis txhob ntxiv electrolyte rau cov xim lag luam.

Cov khoom ntxiv thiab kev yaj
⑴ Cawv sib xyaw thiab urea cosolvent
Vim tias cov xim yaj hauv dej muaj qee cov pawg sulfonic acid thiab cov pawg carboxylic acid, cov xim zas yooj yim sib cais hauv cov kua dej thiab nqa qee qhov nqi tsis zoo. Thaum cov tshuaj sib xyaw uas muaj cov pab pawg hydrogen bond ntxiv rau, ib txheej tiv thaiv ntawm cov hydrated ions tau tsim rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov xim zas, uas txhawb nqa ionization thiab kev yaj ntawm cov molecules xim zas kom txhim kho kev yaj. Polyols xws li diethylene glycol ether, thiodiethanol, polyethylene glycol, thiab lwm yam feem ntau yog siv ua cov kuab tshuaj pabcuam rau cov xim zas uas yaj hauv dej. Vim tias lawv tuaj yeem tsim cov hydrogen bond nrog cov xim zas, qhov chaw ntawm cov xim zas tsim ib txheej tiv thaiv ntawm cov hydrated ions, uas tiv thaiv kev sib sau ua ke thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov molecules xim zas, thiab txhawb nqa ionization thiab kev sib cais ntawm cov xim zas.
⑵Cov tshuaj surfactant uas tsis yog ionic
Ntxiv ib qho surfactant uas tsis yog ionic rau hauv cov xim zas tuaj yeem ua rau lub zog khi ntawm cov xim zas thiab ntawm cov molecules tsis muaj zog, ua kom ionization sai dua, thiab ua rau cov xim zas tsim cov micelles hauv dej, uas muaj kev sib kis zoo. Cov xim polar tsim cov micelles. Cov molecules solubilizing tsim lub network ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov molecules los txhim kho kev solubility, xws li polyoxyethylene ether lossis ester. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias cov molecule co-solvent tsis muaj pawg hydrophobic muaj zog, qhov kev sib kis thiab kev solubilization ntawm cov micelle tsim los ntawm cov xim zas yuav tsis muaj zog, thiab kev solubility yuav tsis nce ntxiv ntau. Yog li ntawd, sim xaiv cov kuab tshuaj uas muaj cov nplhaib aromatic uas tuaj yeem tsim cov hydrophobic bonds nrog cov xim zas. Piv txwv li, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester emulsifier, thiab lwm yam xws li polyalkylphenylphenol polyoxyethylene ether.
⑶ lignosulfonate dispersant
Cov tshuaj dispersant muaj feem cuam tshuam loj heev rau qhov solubility ntawm cov xim zas. Kev xaiv cov tshuaj dispersant zoo raws li cov qauv ntawm cov xim zas yuav pab txhim kho qhov solubility ntawm cov xim zas. Hauv cov xim zas uas yaj hauv dej, nws ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv kev tiv thaiv kev sib nqus (van der Waals force) thiab kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov xim zas. Lignosulfonate yog cov tshuaj dispersant zoo tshaj plaws, thiab muaj kev tshawb fawb txog qhov no hauv Suav teb.
Cov qauv molecular ntawm cov xim disperse tsis muaj cov pab pawg hydrophilic muaj zog, tab sis tsuas yog cov pab pawg tsis muaj zog polar, yog li nws tsuas muaj hydrophilicity tsis muaj zog, thiab qhov tseeb solubility yog me me heev. Feem ntau cov xim disperse tsuas yog yaj hauv dej ntawm 25 ℃. 1 ～ 10mg / L.
Qhov solubility ntawm disperse dyes muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov hauv qab no:
Cov Qauv Molecular
"Qhov solubility ntawm disperse dyes hauv dej nce ntxiv raws li qhov hydrophobic ib feem ntawm cov xim molecule txo qis thiab qhov hydrophilic ib feem (qhov zoo thiab ntau ntawm cov pawg polar) nce ntxiv. Uas yog hais tias, qhov solubility ntawm cov xim nrog cov molecular loj me thiab cov pawg polar tsis muaj zog xws li -OH thiab -NH2 yuav siab dua. Cov xim nrog cov molecular loj dua thiab cov pawg polar tsis muaj zog tsawg dua muaj qhov solubility tsawg. Piv txwv li, Disperse Liab (I), nws M = 321, qhov solubility tsawg dua 0.1mg / L ntawm 25 ℃, thiab qhov solubility yog 1.2mg / L ntawm 80 ℃. Disperse Liab (II), M = 352, qhov solubility ntawm 25 ℃ yog 7.1mg / L, thiab solubility ntawm 80 ℃ yog 240mg / L."
Cov tshuaj dispersant
Hauv cov xim yaj uas muaj hmoov, cov xim ntshiab feem ntau yog 40% txog 60%, thiab cov seem yog cov tshuaj yaj, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv plua plav, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, sodium sulfate, thiab lwm yam. Ntawm lawv, cov tshuaj yaj muaj feem ntau dua.
Tus neeg sawv cev (tus neeg sawv cev sib kis) tuaj yeem txheej cov hmoov av zoo ntawm cov xim pleev rau hauv cov khoom me me hydrophilic colloidal thiab tawg nws ruaj khov hauv dej. Tom qab qhov concentration micelle tseem ceeb tshaj qhov siab tshaj plaws, micelles kuj tseem yuav tsim, uas yuav txo qee qhov ntawm cov hmoov av me me ntawm cov xim pleev. Yaj hauv micelles, qhov xwm txheej hu ua "solubilization" tshwm sim, yog li ua rau kom muaj kev yaj ntawm cov xim pleev. Ntxiv mus, qhov zoo dua ntawm cov tshuaj dispersant thiab qhov concentration siab dua, qhov ntau dua qhov solubilization thiab solubilization effect.
Yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj dispersant rau cov xim disperse ntawm cov qauv sib txawv yog txawv, thiab qhov sib txawv loj heev; qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj dispersant rau cov xim disperse txo qis nrog rau qhov nce ntawm qhov kub ntawm dej, uas yog tib yam li qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kub ntawm dej rau cov xim disperse. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev solubility yog qhov sib txawv.
Tom qab cov hydrophobic crystal particles ntawm cov disperse dye thiab cov dispersant tsim cov hydrophilic colloidal particles, nws qhov kev ruaj khov dispersion yuav zoo dua. Ntxiv mus, cov dye colloidal particles no ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm "muab" cov dyes thaum lub sijhawm dyeing. Vim tias tom qab cov dye molecules hauv lub xeev yaj raug nqus los ntawm cov fiber, cov dye "khaws cia" hauv cov colloidal particles yuav raug tso tawm raws sijhawm kom tswj tau qhov sib npaug ntawm cov dye.
Lub xeev ntawm disperse dye hauv dispersion
1-cov tshuaj dispersant
2-Dye crystallite (solubilization)
3-dispersant micelle
4-Dye ib lub molecule (yaj)
5-Xim noob
6-dispersant lipophilic puag
7-dispersant hydrophilic puag
8-sodium ion (Na+)
9-cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov xim crystallites
Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias "kev sib koom ua ke" ntawm cov xim thiab cov khoom tawg loj dhau, "kev muab khoom" ntawm cov xim ib lub molecule yuav poob qis lossis qhov xwm txheej ntawm "kev muab khoom ntau dua li qhov xav tau". Yog li ntawd, nws yuav txo qhov nrawm ntawm kev zas xim thiab sib npaug ntawm feem pua ​​​​​​ntawm kev zas xim, ua rau kev zas xim qeeb thiab xim sib dua.
Nws tuaj yeem pom tias thaum xaiv thiab siv cov dispersants, tsis yog tsuas yog qhov kev ruaj khov ntawm cov xim yuav tsum tau xav txog, tab sis kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau cov xim ntawm cov xim.
(3) Qhov kub ntawm cov kua xim
Qhov solubility ntawm cov disperse dyes hauv dej nce ntxiv nrog rau qhov nce ntawm qhov kub ntawm dej. Piv txwv li, qhov solubility ntawm Disperse Yellow hauv 80 ° C dej yog 18 npaug ntawm 25 ° C. Qhov solubility ntawm Disperse Red hauv 80 ° C dej yog 33 npaug ntawm 25 ° C. Qhov solubility ntawm Disperse Blue hauv 80 ° C dej yog 37 npaug ntawm 25 ° C. Yog tias qhov kub ntawm dej tshaj 100 ° C, qhov solubility ntawm disperse dyes yuav nce ntxiv.
Nov yog ib qho kev ceeb toom tshwj xeeb: qhov khoom siv yaj ntawm cov xim sib cais no yuav coj kev phom sij zais rau kev siv. Piv txwv li, thaum cov kua xim raug cua sov tsis sib npaug, cov kua xim uas muaj qhov kub siab ntws mus rau qhov chaw uas qhov kub qis. Thaum qhov kub ntawm dej txo qis, cov kua xim ua rau supersaturated, thiab cov xim yaj yuav precipitate, ua rau cov xim siv lead ua rau cov noob thiab txo qis solubility. , Ua rau cov xim nqus tsawg dua.
(plaub) daim ntawv siv lead ua xim
Qee cov xim yaj uas tawg ua tej daim me me muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm "isomorphism". Uas yog, tib cov xim yaj uas tawg ua tej daim me me, vim yog cov thev naus laus zis sib txawv hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, yuav tsim ntau hom siv lead ua, xws li koob, pas nrig, flakes, granules, thiab blocks. Hauv cov txheej txheem thov, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum zas xim ntawm 130 ° C, cov qauv siv lead ua tsis ruaj khov yuav hloov mus rau cov qauv siv lead ua ruaj khov dua.
Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau tseg tias cov qauv siv lead ua uas ruaj khov dua muaj kev yaj ntau dua, thiab cov qauv siv lead ua uas tsis ruaj khov dua muaj kev yaj tsawg dua. Qhov no yuav cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau tus nqi ntawm cov xim thiab feem pua ​​​​​​ntawm kev nqus cov xim.
(5) Qhov loj ntawm cov khoom me me
Feem ntau, cov xim uas muaj cov khoom me me muaj qhov solubility siab thiab kev ruaj khov zoo rau kev sib kis. Cov xim uas muaj cov khoom loj muaj qhov solubility qis dua thiab kev ruaj khov tsis zoo.
Tam sim no, qhov loj me ntawm cov xim sib cais hauv tsev feem ntau yog 0.5 ~ 2.0 μm (Ceeb Toom: qhov loj me ntawm dip dyeing xav tau 0.5 ~ 1.0 μm).