Cyano pab pawg muaj zog polarity thiab electron nqus, yog li nws tuaj yeem nkag mus tob rau hauv lub hom phiaj protein kom tsim cov hydrogen bonds nrog cov amino acid tseem ceeb nyob hauv qhov chaw nquag. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cyano pawg yog bioelectronic isosteric lub cev ntawm carbonyl, halogen thiab lwm pab pawg ua haujlwm, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj me me thiab lub hom phiaj cov protein, yog li nws tau siv dav hauv kev hloov kho cov qauv tshuaj thiab tshuaj tua kab [1] . Tus neeg sawv cev cyano uas muaj cov tshuaj kho mob suav nrog saxagliptin (Daim duab 1), verapamil, febuxostat, thiab lwm yam; Cov tshuaj ua liaj ua teb suav nrog bromofenitrile, fipronil, fipronil thiab lwm yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, cyano tebchaw kuj tseem muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm cov tshuaj tsw qab, cov khoom siv ua haujlwm thiab lwm yam. Piv txwv li, Citronitrile yog lub thoob ntiaj teb cov tshuaj tsw qab nitrile tshiab, thiab 4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzonitrile yog ib qho tseem ceeb raw khoom rau kev npaj cov khoom siv lead ua kua. Nws tuaj yeem pom tias cyano tebchaw tau siv dav hauv ntau qhov chaw vim lawv cov khoom tshwj xeeb [2].

Cyano pab pawg muaj zog polarity thiab electron nqus, yog li nws tuaj yeem nkag mus tob rau hauv lub hom phiaj protein kom tsim cov hydrogen bonds nrog cov amino acid tseem ceeb nyob hauv qhov chaw nquag. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cyano pawg yog bioelectronic isosteric lub cev ntawm carbonyl, halogen thiab lwm pab pawg ua haujlwm, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj me me thiab lub hom phiaj cov protein, yog li nws tau siv dav hauv kev hloov kho cov qauv tshuaj thiab tshuaj tua kab [1] . Tus neeg sawv cev cyano uas muaj cov tshuaj kho mob suav nrog saxagliptin (Daim duab 1), verapamil, febuxostat, thiab lwm yam; Cov tshuaj ua liaj ua teb suav nrog bromofenitrile, fipronil, fipronil thiab lwm yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, cyano tebchaw kuj tseem muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm cov tshuaj tsw qab, cov khoom siv ua haujlwm thiab lwm yam. Piv txwv li, Citronitrile yog lub thoob ntiaj teb cov tshuaj tsw qab nitrile tshiab, thiab 4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzonitrile yog ib qho tseem ceeb raw khoom rau kev npaj cov khoom siv lead ua kua. Nws tuaj yeem pom tias cyano tebchaw tau siv dav hauv ntau qhov chaw vim lawv cov khoom tshwj xeeb [2].

2.2 electrophilic cyanidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm enol boride

Kensuke Kiyokawa pab neeg [4] siv cyanide reagents n-cyano-n-phenyl-p-toluenesulfonamide (NCTS) thiab p-toluenesulfonyl cyanide (tscn) kom ua tau zoo electrophilic cyanidation ntawm enol boron compounds (Daim duab 3). Los ntawm cov tswv yim tshiab no, ntau yam β- Acetonitrile, thiab muaj ntau yam substrates.

2.3 organic catalytic stereoselective silico cyanide cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ketones

Tsis ntev los no, Benjamin daim ntawv teev npe pab pawg [5] tau tshaj tawm hauv phau ntawv xov xwm xwm txheej enantiomeric sib txawv ntawm 2-butanone (Daim duab 4a) thiab asymmetric cyanide cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm 2-butanone nrog enzymes, organic catalysts thiab hloov pauv hlau catalysts, siv HCN lossis tmscn ua cyanide reagent. (Daim duab 4b). Nrog tmscn raws li cyanide reagent, 2-butanone thiab ntau yam ntawm lwm cov ketones tau raug enantioselective silyl cyanide cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv cov catalytic tej yam kev mob ntawm idpi (Daim duab 4C).

Daim duab 4 A, enantiomeric sib txawv ntawm 2-butanone. b. Asymmetric cyanidation ntawm 2-butanone nrog enzymes, organic catalysts thiab hloov hlau catalysts.

c. Idpi catalyzes cov enantioselective silyl cyanide cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm 2-butanone thiab ntau yam ntawm lwm cov ketones.

2.4 txo cyanidation ntawm aldehydes

Hauv kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom ntuj tsim, ntsuab tosmic yog siv los ua cyanide reagent kom yooj yim hloov sterically hindered aldehydes rau hauv nitriles. Txoj kev no yog siv ntxiv los qhia txog cov pa roj carbon ntxiv rau hauv aldehydes thiab ketones. Txoj kev no muaj qhov tseem ceeb hauv Enantiospecific tag nrho cov synthesis ntawm jiadifenolide thiab yog ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom ntuj tsim, xws li kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom ntuj xws li clerodane, caribenol A thiab caribenol B [6] (Daim duab 5).

2.5 electrochemical cyanide cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov organic amine

Raws li ib tug ntsuab synthesis technology, organic electrochemical synthesis tau dav siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm cov organic synthesis. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, ntau thiab ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau mob siab rau nws. PrashanthW. Pab pawg Menezes [7] tsis ntev los no tau tshaj tawm tias cov tshuaj tsw qab amine lossis aliphatic amine tuaj yeem raug oxidized ncaj qha rau cov sib xyaw cyano tebchaw hauv 1m KOH cov tshuaj (tsis ntxiv cyanide reagent) nrog lub peev xwm tas li ntawm 1.49vrhe siv pheej yig Ni2Si catalyst, nrog cov txiaj ntsig siab (Daim duab 6) .

03 lus

Cyanidation yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev organic synthesis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Pib los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm ntsuab chemistry, ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg cyanide reagents yog siv los hloov cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab teeb meem cyanide reagents, thiab cov txheej txheem tshiab xws li hnyav-dawb, tsis muaj catalytic thiab microwave irradiation yog siv los nthuav dav thiab qhov tob ntawm kev tshawb fawb, yog li. raws li tsim kom muaj kev lag luam loj, kev sib raug zoo thiab ib puag ncig cov txiaj ntsig hauv kev tsim khoom lag luam [8]. Nrog rau kev nce qib ntawm kev tshawb fawb kev tshawb fawb, cyanide cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav txhim kho mus rau siab yield, kev lag luam thiab ntsuab chemistry.