Nyob rau xyoo tas los no, ntau lub teb chaws thoob ntiaj teb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov teb chaws muaj kev lag luam loj hlob, tau suav hais tias kev tsim cov khoom siv tshuaj zoo yog ib qho ntawm cov tswv yim tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho thiab kho cov kev lag luam tshuaj ib txwm muaj, thiab lawv cov kev lag luam tshuaj tau tsim kho raws li "kev sib txawv" thiab "kev ua kom zoo dua". Nrog rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm kev lag luam hauv zej zog, tib neeg qhov kev thov rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, tsheb, kev lag luam tshuab, cov ntaub ntawv tsim kho tshiab, lub zog tshiab thiab cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv ib puag ncig tshiab yuav nce ntxiv. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj, cov tshuaj tsim kho saum npoo av, cov tshuaj siv tshuaj, thiab lwm yam. Nrog rau kev txhim kho ntxiv, kev lag luam tshuaj zoo thoob ntiaj teb yuav tswj hwm qhov kev loj hlob sai dua li kev lag luam tshuaj ib txwm muaj.
* Cov tshuaj zoo
Cov tshuaj zoo yog cov tshuaj uas muaj cov khoom siv ceev ceev, muaj nqis ntxiv thiab huv si uas tuaj yeem txhim kho lossis muab cov khoom (hom) nrog cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb lossis muaj cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim khoom me me thiab kev siv, thiab yog cov tshuaj yooj yim ntxiv. Cov khoom lag luam ntawm kev ua tiav tob.
Xyoo 1986, lub koom haum Ministry of Chemical Industry yav dhau los tau faib cov khoom siv tshuaj zoo ua 11 pawg: (1) tshuaj tua kab; (2) cov xim zas; (3) cov txheej txheej (suav nrog cov xim pleev thiab cov kua mem); (4) cov xim pleev xim; (5) cov tshuaj reagents thiab cov tshuaj ntshiab siab (6) Cov tshuaj siv rau cov ntaub ntawv (suav nrog cov khoom siv photosensitive, cov khoom siv sib nqus thiab lwm yam tshuaj uas tuaj yeem tau txais cov nthwv dej electromagnetic); (7) Cov khoom noj thiab cov khoom noj ntxiv; (8) Cov nplaum; (9) Cov tshuaj catalysts thiab ntau yam khoom ntxiv; (10) Cov tshuaj (cov khoom siv raw) thiab cov tshuaj txhua hnub (tsim los ntawm lub kaw lus tshuaj); (11) Cov khoom siv polymer ua haujlwm hauv cov polymer polymers (suav nrog cov yeeb yaj kiab ua haujlwm, cov khoom siv polarizing, thiab lwm yam). Nrog rau kev txhim kho ntawm lub tebchaws kev lag luam, kev txhim kho thiab kev siv cov tshuaj zoo yuav txuas ntxiv mus, thiab cov pawg tshiab yuav txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv.
Cov tshuaj zoo muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
(1) Ntau yam khoom thiab ntau yam kev siv
Muaj 40-50 pawg tshuaj zoo thoob ntiaj teb, nrog ntau dua 100,000 hom. Cov tshuaj zoo siv rau txhua yam ntawm lub neej txhua hnub, xws li tshuaj, xim pleev, tshuaj tua kab, tshuaj pleev xim, khoom siv tshuaj txhua hnub, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov tshuaj ntawv, kua mem, cov khoom noj khoom haus ntxiv, cov khoom noj ntxiv rau tsiaj, kev kho dej, thiab lwm yam, nrog rau hauv aerospace, biotechnology, Information technology, cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, cov thev naus laus zis tshiab, kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab lwm yam kev siv thev naus laus zis siab siv dav.
(2) Kev siv tshuab ua ntau yam nyuaj
Muaj ntau hom tshuaj zoo, thiab cov khoom nruab nrab tib yam tuaj yeem nthuav dav mus rau ntau lossis txawm tias ntau kaum ntawm cov khoom siv rau ntau lub hom phiaj los ntawm cov txheej txheem sib txawv. Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yog qhov nyuaj thiab hloov pauv, thiab cov thev naus laus zis yog qhov nyuaj. Txhua yam khoom siv tshuaj zoo yuav tsum tau dhau los ntawm kev tsim kho hauv chaw soj nstuam, kev sim me me, kev sim tsav dav hlau thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau kev tsim khoom loj. Lawv kuj tseem yuav tsum tau hloov kho lossis txhim kho raws sijhawm raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom downstream. Cov kev xav tau ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom zoo yog siab, thiab lub tuam txhab yuav tsum tsim cov txheej txheem tas li txhim kho cov txheej txheem thiab khaws cov kev paub hauv cov txheej txheem. Yog li ntawd, kev tsim cov khoom siv tshuaj zoo hauv cov kev faib ua pawg, kev khaws cov kev paub hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom thiab lub peev xwm los tsim kho tshiab yog qhov sib tw tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj zoo.
(3) Cov khoom muaj nqis ntxiv
Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom uas koom nrog cov khoom siv tshuaj zoo yog ntev heev thiab xav tau ntau qhov kev ua haujlwm ntau chav. Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yog qhov nyuaj heev. Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom ua tau raws li cov xwm txheej tsis tshua muaj zog, qhov chaw ua haujlwm nyab xeeb, thiab cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb kom ua tiav kev sib cais yooj yim thiab cov khoom lag luam siab xav tau cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis siab thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom siv tshuaj zoo feem ntau muaj nqi ntxiv ntau dua.
(4) Ntau yam khoom sib xyaw
Hauv kev siv ua haujlwm, cov tshuaj zoo zoo li cov haujlwm ua tiav ntawm cov khoom. Qhov no yuav tsum tau tshuaj xyuas cov qauv tshuaj sib txawv hauv kev tsim tshuaj, thiab ua kom tiav kev koom tes ntawm cov tshuaj zoo nrog lwm cov tshuaj hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj. Muaj ntau yam kev thov rau cov khoom siv tshuaj zoo hauv kev tsim khoom lag luam, thiab nws nyuaj rau ib yam khoom kom ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev tsim khoom lossis kev siv. Piv txwv li, piv txwv li kev lag luam kho dej uas lub tuam txhab nyob. Cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb siv hauv daim teb no suav nrog cov tshuaj fungicides thiab algaecides, Scale agents, corrosion inhibitors, flocculants, thiab lwm yam, thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg rau txhua lub hom phiaj tuaj yeem sib xyaw los ntawm ntau cov tshuaj lom neeg.
(5) Cov khoom muaj viscosity siab rau cov neeg siv khoom downstream
Cov khoom siv tshuaj zoo feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov cheeb tsam tshwj xeeb ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom lag luam lossis kom ua tiav cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom lag luam. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg siv khoom muaj cov kev xav tau siab dua rau qhov zoo thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom, thiab cov txheej txheem xaiv cov neeg muag khoom thiab cov qauv nruj dua. Thaum nkag mus rau hauv daim ntawv teev cov neeg muag khoom, Yuav tsis yooj yim hloov.